PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARCH ON - HJ Andrews Experimental Forest

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The primary production and energy source s estimations will utilize the aforementione d P32 material balance method . The techniqu e consists of computing a material balance o f P3 2 following a 30-60 min pulse release. Total standing crop and effective stream botto m area can be calculated by equating the quantities of P 3 2 per unit area of substrate on th e stream bottom and per unit weight of periphyton on these substrates to the total quantities of P 3 2 retained in the study reach of the stream . The retained P3 2 in the stream will be subsequently lost in both dissolved and particulate forms through three processes : (1) as P 3 2 is replaced by stable phosphorus throug h metabolic turnover ; (2) periphyton containing P 3 2 may be sloughed from substrates and transported out of the study reach ; and (3) particulate P 32 released to the stream from primary and secondary consumers and drift of consumers . Rates of change in the various compartments can be estimated by monitoring th e P 3 2 in the periphyton and stream water over time. The production rate of periphyton an d the grazing rate of periphyton can then be estimated . Nutrients could be lost from the stream t o the riparian portion of the stream study re - search. The P32 technique allows one to measure this movement of nutrients from the aquatic to the terrestrial compartment . The rationale for carbon flux experiments are discussed in another paper in this symposium by Lighthart and Tiegs (1972) . We will not discuss this approach now, except t o say that we think the technique can b e adapted for use in stream research . An additional study in the year 3 progra m will be the role of mosses in the stream bed in fixing energy and cycling nutrients . Their associated invertebrate fauna make them an important compartment in the streams trophic structure . Studies on the production of benthic in - vertebrates will be completed . In the analysis of the data particular attention will have to be paid to "strategies of survival" used by the various functional groups of invertebrates . Population regulation must be expected to differ quite widely in response to the degre e of stability of the environment . Freshets in the Andrews forest occur frequently but unpredictably. Food supplies may disappea r almost entirely, and animals must be able t o withstand and recover from very great fluctuations in numbers . They must be adapted to a great lack of constancy . Special attention will be paid to the chironomid larvae, pupa and adults . This group which represents the greatest numbers, specie s and probably biomass of all of the aquati c insect groups, has been somewhat neglected i n the first 2 years . Using a foam gathering method the associated exuvia, pupae, and emergin g adult midges will be identified and quantified . W. P. Coffman (University of Pittsburgh) wil l be consulted on the identity of the midges . Feeding experiments with the major invertebrate species will determine ingestion an d assimilation rates as affected by the qualit y and quantity of food . Meaningful data concerning feeding habit s of selected consumers and the relative nutritional values of different constituents of th e periphyton are extremely rare . Gut analysis of insects are often misleading as to major sourc e of nutrition due to differential digestion an d assimilation rates . Sede11 4 has reported a technique which allows one to determine if th e type of microflora on the natural substrate s affect the rates of ingestion of stream invertebrates. Substrates from the stream are eithe r differentially sterilized or are surface sterilized and then reinoculated with an algal , bacterial, or fungal community or any combination of the three treatments . The treate d substrate is then soaked for 1 to 3 hours in a stream water solution of Co b 0 . The co" is adsorbed onto the aufwuchs and the specifi c activity of the food substance determine d (mg/cpm) . The Co b ° is a gamma emitter an d can be easily detected without killing th e animal. This being the case sensitive experimental designs can be tried which use th e individual as a block, thereby eliminatin g 4 J. R. Sedell. Feeding rates and food utilization of stream caddisfly larvae of the genus Neophylax Trichoptera : Limnephilidae) using °Co and 4 C. In ~ . J. Nelson (ed.), Symposium on radioecology : Proceedings of the Third National Symposium at Oak Ridge, Tenn. May 8-10, 1971 . (In press .) 285
ingestion variation between individuals an d ingestion variation between periods . By coupling this method with C 14 labeling of different compartments of the aufwuchs one can determine assimilation, and the major source of nutrition or at least that food which i s most easily assimilated . Predator-prey experiments have been de - signed to examine the roles of macroinvertebrates, amphibians, and fish in the stream , and their influence on the community composition and numbers of aquatic insects . Th e higher consumer portion of the study will als o relate the contribution of allochthonous an d autochthonous production to the elaboration of fish flesh and to determine how the relationship may be altered by logging or other land management practices . The role of amphibians in the consume r dynamics of the stream areas in which the y are located is being investigated by a member of the terrestrial consumer group . This effort will strengthen the aquatic-terrestrial couplin g studies . The Andrews stream program for years 3 and 4 will be focused on aquatic-terrestria l couplings . Apart from viewing the stream as receiving the bulk of its energy from forest litter, the extent to which the stream delay s the export of minerals and nutrients or may return them to the forest is not known . Stream research during years 3 and 4 will be geared to provide some of these answers . Acknowledgments The author and stream program are indebted to J. R . Donaldson who has been a constant source of personal encouragemen t and an active proponent of a vigorous strea m program. Our present stream program is an expansion of one very ably organized over the past 2 years by J . D. Hall. Our approach to studying streams as ecosystems reflects i n many ways the ideas of K . W . Cummins, wh o has followed the program and given generously of his ideas since its inception . The work reported in this paper was sup - ported by National Science Foundation Gran t No. GB-20963 to the Coniferous Forest Biome, U .S. Analysis of Ecosystems, International Biological Program . This is Contribution No . 45 to the Coniferous Forest Biome . Literature Cited Bormann, F . H., G . E. Likens, and J. S . Eaton . 1969 . Biotic regulation of particulate and solution losses from a forest ecosystem . Bioscience 19 : 600-610 . Chapman, D . W. 1966. The relative contributions of aquatic and terrestrial primary producers to the trophic relations of strea m organisms . In K . W . Cummins, C . A. Tryon , Jr., and R . T. Hartmen (eds .), Organismsubstrate relationships in streams, p . 116-130 . Spec . Publ. No. 4, Pymatuning Lab. Ecol., Univ. of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh . Fisher, S . G. 1970 . Annual energy budget of a small stream ecosystem : Bear Brook, West Thorton, New Hampshire. 97 p . Ph.D . thesis on file, Dartmouth Coll., Hanover . Hynes, H. B. N . 1970. The ecology of running waters . 555 p. Toronto, Can . : Univ . Toronto Press . Kaushik, N . K., and H . B . N . Hynes . 1971 . The fate of the dead leaves that fall int o streams. Arch. Hydrobiol . 68 : 465-515 . Krygier, J. T., and J. D . Hall. 1971 . Forest land uses and stream environment, proceedings of a symposium at Oregon State University, Oct. 19-21, 1970 . 252 p . Continuing Education Publication, Corvallis, Oreg . Lighthart, Bruce, and Paul E . Tiegs. 1972 . Exploring the aquatic carbon web . In Proceedings-research on coniferous forest ecosystems-a symposium, p . 289-300, illus . Pac. Northwest Forest & Range Exp . Stn . , Portland, Oreg. Likens, G . E., F. H. Bormann, N . M . Johnson , and others. 1970. Effects of forest cuttin g and herbicide treatment on nutrient budgets in the Hubbard Brook watershed ecosystem . Ecol . Monogr . 40 : 23-47 . Nelson, D. J., N. R. Kevern, J . L . Wilhm, an d N. A. Griffith. 1969. Estimates of periphyton mass and stream bottom area usin g phosphorus-32 . Water Res . 3 : 367-373 . 286
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PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARC H O N CONIFEROU
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Research on Coniferous Forest Ecosy
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Contents SOME BROADER VIEWS OF BIOM
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Page AQUATIC PROCESS STUDIES 279 St
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Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
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directly, to solution of major natu
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4. Nutritional adaptation to enviro
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where validation studies could be c
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have been developed . Prior to thei
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of gross production and respiration
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Figure 1 . Aerial photo of Findley
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Nutrient levels in stream and lake
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Acknowledgments The work reported i
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inputs into the lakes . Recent stud
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was slightly raised in 1902, the la
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climate, surrounding terrestrial en
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more similar than between the diffe
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The net rate of primary production
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community structure and energy flo
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est adapted organism vacillates bet
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U .S . Analysis of Ecosystems, Inte
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successful . Thus we can see modeli
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of the external quantities of S wou
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Figure 2 . The major subsystems of
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subsystems as objects . In addition
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several models together to form the
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Page 55 and 56:
The study areas are located at seve
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K m Figure 1 . Watershed 2, H . J.
Page 59 and 60:
An alternative way of considering i
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Snowmelt A flow chart of the snow a
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d Gs Gr = (1 - Ki) d t By integrati
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Calibration of Parameter s In gener
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model being developed under the Con
Page 69 and 70:
Usually, we are interested in the o
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LINEAR Y~(T) 2nd ORDER Y2 (T) 3rd O
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the watershed. The hydrologic model
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
considered as part of another food
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PRIMARY PRRODUCTIO N ■ FOLIAGE CO
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Graham, S. A. 1952. Forest entomolo
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ful in regions with relatively unif
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epresents the basic linkages betwee
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Cleary and Waring 1969, Reed 1971,
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vation that species such as Brewer
Page 91 and 92:
Table 3.-Predicted plant response i
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Walker, Reed, Scott, and Webb are c
Page 95 and 96:
Water and Nutrien t Movement Throug
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Here v is the volume of water cross
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2 10 7100 .160 .220 .280 .340 .400
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.0500 .040 0 z .030 0 E L.) 0 .020
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
ment of the flux of ions through th
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Table 2 .-Forest floor composition
Page 109 and 110:
Table 5 .-Monthly amounts of litter
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Figure 2 illustrates how CO 2 produ
Page 113 and 114:
Ballard, T. M. 1968 . Carbon dioxid
Page 115 and 116:
2. How effectively are these chemic
Page 117 and 118:
Table 2 .-Nutrient budget for disso
Page 119 and 120:
Figure 1 . Water content of the sur
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0.12_ _30 rn z 0 Q z w 0 z 0 0 z Q
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_3 0 . Outflow Concentration _ __ R
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0.10_ 0.08 _ Pea k 0.04_ Concentrat
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8J Calciu m 0 I I I I 0.25 0.50 0.7
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water is dominant because flowing w
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Table 1.-Characteristics of study p
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Z w 2 w J w 3 0 Table 2. Average to
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of the nitrogen was not determined.
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Table 6. Total kg per hectare per y
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through litterfall . More amounts o
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Figure 3. Two additional carabiners
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1 1 Figure 11 . The climber places
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Figure 16. The spar in use. The sus
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in our example) and the running tot
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Dashed lines are dead branches . Th
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Table 1.-Transpiration rates, mean
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this case the slopes of activity-ti
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solve equation 2 for Tm since the f
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ing methods . Every point in the sa
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Patterns in Point Displacemen t Mea
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trees indicates that the coordinate
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data; there is no obvious explanati
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where C is the percentage cover by
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Table 1.-Epiphyte biomass on the tr
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NZ. 4 50 100 150 EPIPHYTE IMPORTANC
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Table 4.-Biomass estimates (kg) for
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watershed 10 (C . T. Dyrness, perso
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Table 1 .-Some population character
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Table 2 .-Annual litter fall in Col
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Table 4. Biomass and growth increme
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Table 6.-Annual turnover from certa
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Kiil, A. D. 1968. Weight of the fue
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condition differ) ; the turnover ra
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proportionally about the same for e
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Bird Studies The forest birds were
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Further Studies The data provided f
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Terrestrial Process Studies 209
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from theses. The principal processe
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Table 1 .-Saturating light intensit
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at least 0 .06 percent CO 2 . Howev
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Pharis et al. 1967). Again Helms (1
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Effects of Leaf Temperature an d Le
Page 215 and 216:
Literature Cited Baule, H., and C.
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Lopushinsky, W . 1969. Stomatal clo
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Page 221 and 222: Von Bertalanffy (1969) calls nonsum
Page 223 and 224: which may be of importance in model
Page 225 and 226: The first three terms of equation 1
Page 227 and 228: P = F+ R where F = net assimilation
Page 229 and 230: Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 231 and 232: This function is asymptotic to zero
Page 233 and 234: The important interaction between l
Page 237 and 238: (3 = H/AE=yo$/De (3 ) where y is th
Page 239 and 240: 0.4 0.2 v 0 0 w IX -0.2 I- cr -0.4
Page 241 and 242: Table L-Diurnal energy budget compo
Page 243 and 244: 4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 TIME, H
Page 245 and 246: 1970. Evapotranspiration an d meteo
Page 247 and 248: may bias the results . Meteorologic
Page 249 and 250: 7.4 ppm . The lysimeters at Coshoct
Page 251 and 252: Acknowledgments The work reported i
Page 253 and 254: extracted was determined by the wei
Page 257 and 258: I - 5 -l o -1 5 HPV 1 10 . 0 I . 6
Page 259 and 260: Table 1 .- Tukey's w Multiple Compa
Page 261 and 262: studies in conifers-a review . In J
Page 263 and 264: permeable to both CO 2 and water va
Page 265 and 266: insolation (1 cal cm 2 min-1 ) and
Page 267 and 268: Aquatic Process Studies 279
Page 269 and 270: stream environments (Krygier and Ha
Page 271: S, - 4ydrolo9i c S2 = I¢rr¢strIa
Page 277 and 278: contribute to detrital compartment
Page 279 and 280: volume measurement, realizing that
Page 281 and 282: fer of the indicated carbon-14 trac
Page 283 and 284: 18L LAKE WATER LIGH T 50m1 HOURLY D
Page 285 and 286: a function of time and space, (b) c
Page 289 and 290: Table 1.-Suggested criteria for jud
Page 291 and 292: Table 4.-Average C, N, and P conten
Page 293 and 294: during 1963 to 1967 and from Lake S
Page 295 and 296: greater than 7 .2:1 (16:1 by atoms)
Page 297 and 298: 2 .0 1 .0 0 Si P-N N-Si P-Si P-N-Si
Page 299 and 300: detectable increase in concentratio
Page 301 and 302: in lakes . J. Ecol . 29 : 280-329 .
Page 303 and 304: Woodey 1970 ; Thorne, Reeves, and M
Page 305 and 306: targets are insonified several time
Page 307 and 308: This program will automatically cal
Page 309: The FOREST SERVICE et ; U :' S D pa
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