PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARCH ON - HJ Andrews Experimental Forest

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DDAPS output with determinations of absolute density by echo counting . An example regression of fish density from echo counts and integrated voltage is shown in figure 5 . 3 6 9 12 1 5 Fish targets per 1,000 m3 Figure 5 . Relationship between integrated voltag e and fish density determined from ech o counts, Lake Washington, August 1971 . Sampling for Species and Size Compositio n The data processing methods described t o this point result in absolute estimates of the densities of fish targets within various dept h intervals along the various transects . These densities can be extrapolated over the respective volumes represented by the transects to obtain a total estimate of fish within the lake . The species and size composition is not derived directly from the acoustic data and must be obtained from net samples . Several types of nets have been applied at the University of Washington . In Lake Washington, which is accessible by large vessels, a program of sampling with a 10-ft Isaacs-Kidd midwater traw l has been conducted for several years . Development of midwater trawls for use from tw o outboard vessels is being conducted for lakes not accessible by large vessels . Vertical gil l nets of variable mesh size are also bein g applied . Size Determination from Acoustic Data As stated earlier, the target strength of a fish is a function of its size. Thus measurement of the size of the fish echoes gives an indication of the fish size . Unfortunately, the size of the fish echo is also dependent on th e orientation of the fish relative to the inciden t sound (its aspect) and upon its location with - in the sounder cone . The average effect of the directivity pattern can be sorted out, but , even so, the variability associated with the relationship between echo amplitude and fish size is quite high, and the precision of size determination by acoustic methods is uncertain at this stage . It does seem feasible at least to determine the number of larger fish . Dawson 1 was able to estimate the number of adult sockeye in Lake Washington by counting the large echo targets . The technique probably can be used to determine the number of large fish such as squawfish and pea - mouth chub in lakes . This ability would be extremely valuable since the large fish are likely to be undersampled by the midwater trawls . Future Modifications The basic hydroacoustic techniques for fis h population assessment have been derived an d are being applied in several lake systems i n Washington, British Columbia, and Alaska, including IBP-funded studies of the Coniferou s Forest Biome conducted primarily in Lake Washington and Lake Sammamish . Future modifications of the technique will be directed primarily toward refinement of methods of size discrimination from acousti c data, and further automation of data processing. A program for determination of the distribution of target strengths is presently unde r development with funding from Sea Gran t and the National Marine Fisheries Service . 1 J . J . Dawson . Estimation of the 1971 Lake Washington sockeye salmon escapement by means of a n echosounder . Informal Progr . Rep . to Wash . Stat e Dep . Fish ., Univ . Wash . Fish . Res. Inst ., Seattle, 7 p . , 1971 . 321
This program will automatically calibrate th e integration program to absolute density, thu s eliminating the time-consuming echo countin g procedure . The data on target strength distribution, compared with the data from ne t sampling, will provide information on the precision and reliability which can be obtaine d from acoustic determination of size . Acknowledgments Contributions of Dr . R. L. Burgner, Dr . O . A. Mathisen, Mr . E. P. Nunnallee, and Mr . J . Dawson to the preparation of the manuscript are gratefully acknowledged . The acoustic assessment techniques de - scribed in this paper have been developed primarily by an interdisciplinary group under th e Sea Grant Marine Acoustics Program and sup - ported in part by National Science Foundation Grant No . GB-20963 to the Coniferous Forest Biome, U .S. Analysis of Ecosystems , International Biological Program . This is Contribution No. 48 to the Coniferous Forest Biome . Literature Cited Cushing, D . H. 1968 . Direct estimation of a fish population acoustically . J . Fish. Res . Board Can . 25(11) : 2349-2364 . F. R. H . Jones, R . B. Mitson , and others. 1963. Measurements of the tar - get strength of fish . Radio & Electron. Eng . 25 : 299-303 . Moose, P . H., and J. E . Ehrenberg . 1971 . Variance of the abundance estimate obtained with 4 fish echo integrator. J. Fish. Res . Board Can . 28(9) : 1293-1301 . , J. Green, and J . E . Ehrenberg . 1971 . Electronic system and data processing techniques for estimating fish abundance. Inst. Elec. & Electron. Eng. Conf. Eng. Ocean Environ . Proc ., p. 33-36 . , R. E. Thorne, and M . O . Nelson . 1971 . Hydroacoustic technique s for fishery resource assessment . Mar . Tech . Soc . J. 5(6) : 35-37 . Shishkova, E . V. 1964. Study of acoustical characteristics of fish . In Modern fishin g gear of the world, vol . 2, p. 404-409. London: Fishing News Books, Ltd . Thorne, R . E. 1970. Investigations into th e use of an echo integrator for measuring pelagic fish abundance. 117 p . Ph .D . thesis on file, Univ . Wash., Seattle . . 1971 . Investigations into the re - lation between integrated echo voltage and fish density. J. Fish. Res. Board. Can. 28(9) : 1269-1273 . and H. W. Lahore . 1969 . Acoustic techniques of fish population estimatio n with special reference to echo integration . Univ . Wash. Fish . Res . Inst. Circ. 69-10, 1 2 p. Seattle . , J. E. Reeves, and A . E . Millikan. 1971. Estimation of the Pacific hak e (Merluccius productus) population in Port Susan, Washington, using an echo integrator . J. Fish . Res . Board Can. 28(9) : 1275-1284 . and J . C. Woodey. 1970. Stoc k assessment by echo integration and its application to juvenile sockeye salmon i n Lake Washington . Univ. Wash. Fish. Res . Inst. Circ . 70-2, 31 p . Seattle . Truskanov, M . D ., and M . N . Scherbino. 1966 . Determination of density of fish concentrations by means of hydroacoustics. Ryb . Khoz. (Fish . Econ .) 8 : 38-42 . (U .S. Dep . C o m m er., Joint Publ. Res. Serv. TT : 66-34723 .) 322 * GPO-796-161
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PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARC H O N CONIFEROU
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Research on Coniferous Forest Ecosy
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Contents SOME BROADER VIEWS OF BIOM
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Page AQUATIC PROCESS STUDIES 279 St
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Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
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directly, to solution of major natu
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4. Nutritional adaptation to enviro
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where validation studies could be c
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have been developed . Prior to thei
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of gross production and respiration
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Figure 1 . Aerial photo of Findley
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Nutrient levels in stream and lake
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Acknowledgments The work reported i
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inputs into the lakes . Recent stud
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was slightly raised in 1902, the la
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climate, surrounding terrestrial en
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more similar than between the diffe
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The net rate of primary production
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community structure and energy flo
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est adapted organism vacillates bet
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U .S . Analysis of Ecosystems, Inte
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successful . Thus we can see modeli
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of the external quantities of S wou
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Figure 2 . The major subsystems of
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subsystems as objects . In addition
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several models together to form the
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The study areas are located at seve
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K m Figure 1 . Watershed 2, H . J.
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An alternative way of considering i
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Snowmelt A flow chart of the snow a
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d Gs Gr = (1 - Ki) d t By integrati
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Calibration of Parameter s In gener
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model being developed under the Con
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Usually, we are interested in the o
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LINEAR Y~(T) 2nd ORDER Y2 (T) 3rd O
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the watershed. The hydrologic model
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considered as part of another food
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PRIMARY PRRODUCTIO N ■ FOLIAGE CO
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Graham, S. A. 1952. Forest entomolo
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ful in regions with relatively unif
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epresents the basic linkages betwee
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Cleary and Waring 1969, Reed 1971,
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vation that species such as Brewer
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Table 3.-Predicted plant response i
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Walker, Reed, Scott, and Webb are c
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Water and Nutrien t Movement Throug
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Here v is the volume of water cross
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2 10 7100 .160 .220 .280 .340 .400
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.0500 .040 0 z .030 0 E L.) 0 .020
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ment of the flux of ions through th
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Table 2 .-Forest floor composition
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Table 5 .-Monthly amounts of litter
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Figure 2 illustrates how CO 2 produ
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Ballard, T. M. 1968 . Carbon dioxid
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2. How effectively are these chemic
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Table 2 .-Nutrient budget for disso
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Figure 1 . Water content of the sur
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0.12_ _30 rn z 0 Q z w 0 z 0 0 z Q
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_3 0 . Outflow Concentration _ __ R
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0.10_ 0.08 _ Pea k 0.04_ Concentrat
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8J Calciu m 0 I I I I 0.25 0.50 0.7
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water is dominant because flowing w
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Table 1.-Characteristics of study p
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Z w 2 w J w 3 0 Table 2. Average to
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of the nitrogen was not determined.
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Table 6. Total kg per hectare per y
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through litterfall . More amounts o
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Figure 3. Two additional carabiners
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1 1 Figure 11 . The climber places
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Figure 16. The spar in use. The sus
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in our example) and the running tot
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Dashed lines are dead branches . Th
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Table 1.-Transpiration rates, mean
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this case the slopes of activity-ti
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solve equation 2 for Tm since the f
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ing methods . Every point in the sa
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Patterns in Point Displacemen t Mea
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trees indicates that the coordinate
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data; there is no obvious explanati
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where C is the percentage cover by
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Table 1.-Epiphyte biomass on the tr
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NZ. 4 50 100 150 EPIPHYTE IMPORTANC
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Table 4.-Biomass estimates (kg) for
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watershed 10 (C . T. Dyrness, perso
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Table 1 .-Some population character
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Table 2 .-Annual litter fall in Col
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Table 4. Biomass and growth increme
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Table 6.-Annual turnover from certa
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Kiil, A. D. 1968. Weight of the fue
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condition differ) ; the turnover ra
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proportionally about the same for e
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Bird Studies The forest birds were
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Further Studies The data provided f
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Terrestrial Process Studies 209
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from theses. The principal processe
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Table 1 .-Saturating light intensit
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at least 0 .06 percent CO 2 . Howev
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Pharis et al. 1967). Again Helms (1
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Effects of Leaf Temperature an d Le
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Literature Cited Baule, H., and C.
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Lopushinsky, W . 1969. Stomatal clo
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Von Bertalanffy (1969) calls nonsum
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which may be of importance in model
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The first three terms of equation 1
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P = F+ R where F = net assimilation
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This function is asymptotic to zero
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The important interaction between l
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(3 = H/AE=yo$/De (3 ) where y is th
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0.4 0.2 v 0 0 w IX -0.2 I- cr -0.4
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Table L-Diurnal energy budget compo
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4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 TIME, H
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1970. Evapotranspiration an d meteo
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may bias the results . Meteorologic
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7.4 ppm . The lysimeters at Coshoct
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Acknowledgments The work reported i
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extracted was determined by the wei
Page 255 and 256: Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 257 and 258: I - 5 -l o -1 5 HPV 1 10 . 0 I . 6
Page 259 and 260: Table 1 .- Tukey's w Multiple Compa
Page 261 and 262: studies in conifers-a review . In J
Page 263 and 264: permeable to both CO 2 and water va
Page 265 and 266: insolation (1 cal cm 2 min-1 ) and
Page 267 and 268: Aquatic Process Studies 279
Page 269 and 270: stream environments (Krygier and Ha
Page 271 and 272: S, - 4ydrolo9i c S2 = I¢rr¢strIa
Page 273 and 274: ingestion variation between individ
Page 277 and 278: contribute to detrital compartment
Page 279 and 280: volume measurement, realizing that
Page 281 and 282: fer of the indicated carbon-14 trac
Page 283 and 284: 18L LAKE WATER LIGH T 50m1 HOURLY D
Page 285 and 286: a function of time and space, (b) c
Page 289 and 290: Table 1.-Suggested criteria for jud
Page 291 and 292: Table 4.-Average C, N, and P conten
Page 293 and 294: during 1963 to 1967 and from Lake S
Page 295 and 296: greater than 7 .2:1 (16:1 by atoms)
Page 297 and 298: 2 .0 1 .0 0 Si P-N N-Si P-Si P-N-Si
Page 299 and 300: detectable increase in concentratio
Page 301 and 302: in lakes . J. Ecol . 29 : 280-329 .
Page 303 and 304: Woodey 1970 ; Thorne, Reeves, and M
Page 305: targets are insonified several time
Page 309: The FOREST SERVICE et ; U :' S D pa
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