PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARCH ON - HJ Andrews Experimental Forest

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spiration are being conducted, cuvettes will b e installed at various locations within the crow n to monitor the spacial variation of transpiration. In addition, the rates of transpiration , determined with the cuvettes, will be compared with the lysimetric transpiration rate t o determine how representative the cuvett e technique is for determining transpiration o f the tree . Test Meteorological Methods Meteorological methods such as energy balance, aerodynamic, and eddy correlation techniques have been used to determine evapotranspiration from agriculture crops. The methods need further testing in forestry be - fore they can be utilized on a wide scale . Th e evapotranspiration rates from the lysimeter tree, if representative of other trees, can b e utilized for testing the meteorologica l methods . Profiles of meteorological parameters suc h as radiation, temperature, humidity, carbo n dioxide, and windspeed will be monitored . These parameters will be utilized to calculat e the transfer coefficients (eddy diffusivities) o f sensible heat, latent heat, momentum, an d CO 2 . In addition, transpiration and photo - synthesis by layers will be calculated fro m these parameters . Canopy Interception of Precipitatio n Interception of precipitation either as rain , dew, or snow will be represented as a weigh t increase by the lysimeter . The amount of precipitation intercepted by the crown of th e tree can be studied by providing a waterproof cover for the soil surface to prevent th e throughfall from being recorded as a weigh t increase . The throughfall will. be measure d separately . If stemflow is measured, then th e rest of the weight increase can be attribute d to canopy interception . It is obvious that thi s method can be utilized to determine th e amount of rainfall and snowfall interceptio n in relation to intensity, duration, and previou s wettings . However, this technique may be more useful in determining the amount of moisture extracted from the atmosphere as dewfall-at present, an unknown quantity. During the summer months, energy budget calculations demonstrate that Douglas-fir trees, under the conditions of the site, would be stresse d within 2 to 3 weeks after the last rainfall if they transpired at a potential rate, unless transpiration is supplemented by evaporation of dewfall. Dewfall may be a very important parameter in the survival of these trees . Fertilization and Irrigation At the present time considerable interest i s being expressed in using forested areas for disposal of sewage sludge . The benefit of irrigation, sludge, or other fertilizers to tree growth could be tested with the lysimeter installatio n by comparing the photosynthesis and transpiration of the tree being studied with th e adjacent trees . Summary During the summer of 1970, a lysimeter container (366 cm in diameter and 122 c m deep) was built around the root mass of a 28 m Douglas-fir tree at the Cedar Rive r Watershed near Seattle, Washington . This container was placed on top of the hydraulic transducer which is capable of weighing th e tree, soil, and container, a mass of 28,900 kg , with a sensitivity of 630 g or 0 .06 mm of water . A weather station was located on a 33 .5 m tower adjacent to the lysimeter tree . The proposed uses of this installation are : (1) as an evapotranspirimeter, (2) as a standard for testing cuvettes, (3) as a standard for testing meteorological methods, (4) to stud y evapotranspiration in relation to soil moisture potential and atmospheric evaporative demands, (5) to study the shrinking and swellin g of the plant tissue in relation to evapotranspiration, (6) to determine interception of rainfall, snow, and dewfall by the crown, an d (7) to study the effects of irrigation and fertilizer upon the growth of the tree . 259
Acknowledgments The work reported in this paper was sup - ported by National Science Foundation Gran t No . GB-20963 to the Coniferous Forest Biome , U .S. Analysis of Ecosystems, International Biological Program. This is Contribution No . 41 to the Coniferous Forest Biome . Literature Cited Colorado River Association. 1966 . Newsletter . Colo. River Assoc . Los Angeles, Calif. Sept. , p. 4 . Fritschen, Leo J . 1965 . Accuracy of evapotranspiration determination by the Bowe n ratio method. Bull. Int. Assoc. Hydrol . 10(2) : 38-48 . and C . H . M . Van Bavel. 1963 . Experimental evaluation of models of latent and sensible heat transport over irrigated surfaces. Int . Assoc. Sci. Hydrol . Pub . 62 : 159-171 . Gessel, Stanley P ., and Dale W. Cole. 1965 . Influence of removal of forest cover on movement of water and associated elements through soil . J. Soc. Am. Water Works Assoc . 57 : 1301-1310 . Harrold, L . L ., and F . R. Dreibelbis . 1951 . Agricultural hydrology as evaluated by monolith lysimeters . U .S. Dep. Agr . Tech . Bull. 1050 : 135 . Mcllroy, I . C., and D. E. Angus . 1963. Th e A s p e n d ale multiple weighed lysimeter installation . Australian Commonwealth Sci . & Ind. Res. Organ., Div. Meteorol. Phys . Tech. Pap. 14, p. 30 . Poulson, E . N., and J. T. Miller. 1952. Soi l survey of King County . USDA Soil Ser. 1939, No. 31, p. 106 . Pruitt, W. O. 1963. Application of several energy balance and aerodynamic evaporation equations under a wide range of stability. Final Rep., USAEPG No . DA-36 - 0390SC-80334, p . 107-124 . and D. E. Angus . 1960. Large weighing lysimeter for measuring evapotranspiration. Trans. Am. Assoc. Agric . Eng. 3(2) : 13-18 . Slatyer, R. O., and I . C. Mcllroy . 1961 . Practical microclimatology . Australian Commonwealth Sci. & Ind. Res. Organ . Various pagination . Tanner, C . B. 1967. Measurement of evapotranspiration . R. M. Hagan, H. R. Haise , and T. W. Edminster (eds .), In Irrigation of agricultural lands. Am. Soc . Agron . Monogr. 11 : 534-574 . Van Bavel, C . H. M., and L . E . Meyers . 1962 . An automatic weighing lysimeter . Agr . Eng . 43 : 580-583, 586-588 . 260
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PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARC H O N CONIFEROU
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Research on Coniferous Forest Ecosy
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Contents SOME BROADER VIEWS OF BIOM
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Page AQUATIC PROCESS STUDIES 279 St
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Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
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directly, to solution of major natu
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4. Nutritional adaptation to enviro
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where validation studies could be c
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have been developed . Prior to thei
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of gross production and respiration
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Figure 1 . Aerial photo of Findley
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Nutrient levels in stream and lake
Page 25 and 26:
Acknowledgments The work reported i
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inputs into the lakes . Recent stud
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was slightly raised in 1902, the la
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climate, surrounding terrestrial en
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more similar than between the diffe
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The net rate of primary production
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community structure and energy flo
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est adapted organism vacillates bet
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U .S . Analysis of Ecosystems, Inte
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successful . Thus we can see modeli
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of the external quantities of S wou
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Figure 2 . The major subsystems of
Page 49 and 50:
subsystems as objects . In addition
Page 51 and 52:
several models together to form the
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Page 55 and 56:
The study areas are located at seve
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K m Figure 1 . Watershed 2, H . J.
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An alternative way of considering i
Page 61 and 62:
Snowmelt A flow chart of the snow a
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d Gs Gr = (1 - Ki) d t By integrati
Page 65 and 66:
Calibration of Parameter s In gener
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model being developed under the Con
Page 69 and 70:
Usually, we are interested in the o
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LINEAR Y~(T) 2nd ORDER Y2 (T) 3rd O
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the watershed. The hydrologic model
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considered as part of another food
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PRIMARY PRRODUCTIO N ■ FOLIAGE CO
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Graham, S. A. 1952. Forest entomolo
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ful in regions with relatively unif
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epresents the basic linkages betwee
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Cleary and Waring 1969, Reed 1971,
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vation that species such as Brewer
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Table 3.-Predicted plant response i
Page 93 and 94:
Walker, Reed, Scott, and Webb are c
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Water and Nutrien t Movement Throug
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Here v is the volume of water cross
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2 10 7100 .160 .220 .280 .340 .400
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.0500 .040 0 z .030 0 E L.) 0 .020
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ment of the flux of ions through th
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Table 2 .-Forest floor composition
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Table 5 .-Monthly amounts of litter
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Figure 2 illustrates how CO 2 produ
Page 113 and 114:
Ballard, T. M. 1968 . Carbon dioxid
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2. How effectively are these chemic
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Table 2 .-Nutrient budget for disso
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Figure 1 . Water content of the sur
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0.12_ _30 rn z 0 Q z w 0 z 0 0 z Q
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_3 0 . Outflow Concentration _ __ R
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0.10_ 0.08 _ Pea k 0.04_ Concentrat
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8J Calciu m 0 I I I I 0.25 0.50 0.7
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water is dominant because flowing w
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Table 1.-Characteristics of study p
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Z w 2 w J w 3 0 Table 2. Average to
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of the nitrogen was not determined.
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Table 6. Total kg per hectare per y
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through litterfall . More amounts o
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Figure 3. Two additional carabiners
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1 1 Figure 11 . The climber places
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Figure 16. The spar in use. The sus
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in our example) and the running tot
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Dashed lines are dead branches . Th
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Table 1.-Transpiration rates, mean
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this case the slopes of activity-ti
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solve equation 2 for Tm since the f
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ing methods . Every point in the sa
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Patterns in Point Displacemen t Mea
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trees indicates that the coordinate
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data; there is no obvious explanati
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where C is the percentage cover by
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Table 1.-Epiphyte biomass on the tr
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NZ. 4 50 100 150 EPIPHYTE IMPORTANC
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Table 4.-Biomass estimates (kg) for
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watershed 10 (C . T. Dyrness, perso
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Table 1 .-Some population character
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Table 2 .-Annual litter fall in Col
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Table 4. Biomass and growth increme
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Table 6.-Annual turnover from certa
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Kiil, A. D. 1968. Weight of the fue
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condition differ) ; the turnover ra
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proportionally about the same for e
Page 199 and 200: Bird Studies The forest birds were
Page 201 and 202: Further Studies The data provided f
Page 203 and 204: Terrestrial Process Studies 209
Page 205 and 206: from theses. The principal processe
Page 207 and 208: Table 1 .-Saturating light intensit
Page 209 and 210: at least 0 .06 percent CO 2 . Howev
Page 211 and 212: Pharis et al. 1967). Again Helms (1
Page 213 and 214: Effects of Leaf Temperature an d Le
Page 215 and 216: Literature Cited Baule, H., and C.
Page 217 and 218: Lopushinsky, W . 1969. Stomatal clo
Page 219 and 220: Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 221 and 222: Von Bertalanffy (1969) calls nonsum
Page 223 and 224: which may be of importance in model
Page 225 and 226: The first three terms of equation 1
Page 227 and 228: P = F+ R where F = net assimilation
Page 231 and 232: This function is asymptotic to zero
Page 233 and 234: The important interaction between l
Page 237 and 238: (3 = H/AE=yo$/De (3 ) where y is th
Page 239 and 240: 0.4 0.2 v 0 0 w IX -0.2 I- cr -0.4
Page 241 and 242: Table L-Diurnal energy budget compo
Page 243 and 244: 4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 TIME, H
Page 245 and 246: 1970. Evapotranspiration an d meteo
Page 247 and 248: may bias the results . Meteorologic
Page 249: 7.4 ppm . The lysimeters at Coshoct
Page 253 and 254: extracted was determined by the wei
Page 257 and 258: I - 5 -l o -1 5 HPV 1 10 . 0 I . 6
Page 259 and 260: Table 1 .- Tukey's w Multiple Compa
Page 261 and 262: studies in conifers-a review . In J
Page 263 and 264: permeable to both CO 2 and water va
Page 265 and 266: insolation (1 cal cm 2 min-1 ) and
Page 267 and 268: Aquatic Process Studies 279
Page 269 and 270: stream environments (Krygier and Ha
Page 271 and 272: S, - 4ydrolo9i c S2 = I¢rr¢strIa
Page 273 and 274: ingestion variation between individ
Page 277 and 278: contribute to detrital compartment
Page 279 and 280: volume measurement, realizing that
Page 281 and 282: fer of the indicated carbon-14 trac
Page 283 and 284: 18L LAKE WATER LIGH T 50m1 HOURLY D
Page 285 and 286: a function of time and space, (b) c
Page 289 and 290: Table 1.-Suggested criteria for jud
Page 291 and 292: Table 4.-Average C, N, and P conten
Page 293 and 294: during 1963 to 1967 and from Lake S
Page 295 and 296: greater than 7 .2:1 (16:1 by atoms)
Page 297 and 298: 2 .0 1 .0 0 Si P-N N-Si P-Si P-N-Si
Page 299 and 300: detectable increase in concentratio
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in lakes . J. Ecol . 29 : 280-329 .
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Woodey 1970 ; Thorne, Reeves, and M
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targets are insonified several time
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This program will automatically cal
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The FOREST SERVICE et ; U :' S D pa
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