PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARCH ON - HJ Andrews Experimental Forest

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Table 5 .Pinus contorta stand biomass, 1970, from harvest s on the east slopes of the Colorado Front Rang e Compartment Stan d 4 .3 1 .1 LH 2 kg/m 2 96 kg/m 2 kg/m 2 96 Live pine crop : Bole' 3 .24 46 9 .44 57 21 .68 5 8 Live branches .75 11 .83 5 2 .11 6 Roots 1 .782 25 2 4 .28 26 9 .68 2 6 Green needles .50 7 .84 5 1 .74 5 Cones .35 5 .57 3 .24 1 Dead branches .39 6 .57 4 1 .69 4 Total 7 .01 100 16 .53 100 37 .14 10 0 Standing dead timber 3 0 1 .06 .1 5 <strong>Forest</strong> floor humus4 2 .85 3 .16 3 .8 6 Ground flora s .01 0 .005 Total 9 .87 20 .75 41 .18 ' Stem wood plus bark . 2 Biomass of roots with diameters over about 5 mm were computed on the basis of nine excavated roo t systems . Percentages and totals in stands 1 .1 and LH2 assume root biomass to be about 25 percent of the liv e pine crop (Rodin and Bazilevich 1967) . 3 Above ground parts only (bole plus branches) . 4 After Moir and Grier 1969 . 5 Shoot parts only, from harvests in August 1967 . 4.3 despite both stands having identical leaf area indices of 4 .5 m 2 /m 2 (Moir and Francis 1972) . Conclusions Pine stands in the Lodgepole Pine Zone of Colorado (Moir 1969) are not very productive per unit of current-year leaf biomass . It is instructive to compare the net primary productivity of stand LH2 (the most productive in this study) with pine stands having simila r steady state quantities of annual foliage production. Unfortunately, there are very few published studies of net primary productivit y for older natural stands of Pinus (Art and Marks 1971, Kira and Shidei 1967) . However , several studies within young plantations o r natural stands do permit comparison, as give n in table 7 . It is clear that annual stem an d branch production in the P. contorta stand i s well below that of the three younger pine types. Numerous studies within developin g pine plantations have led workers to conclude that within a few years after canop y closure gross productivity levels off and i n following years net production declines a s stand respiration continues to increase. Forrest (1969) concluded that the weight of foliage in developing P. radiata plantation s (the oldest of his series of stands is given in table 7) is probably constant after about 1 2 years. However, I am not convinced on th e 19 5
Table 6.-Annual turnover from certain shoot component s of Pinus contorta stands in Colorado ' Component Stand 4 .3 I 1 .1 LH 2 ------------------ kg/m2 Bol e New growth 0 .06 0 .15 0.3 9 Stem mortality 0 - .02 0 Net .06 .13 .3 9 Branches New growth .04 .04 .0 8 Branch mortality -.03 - .01 - .0 3 Litter fall - .01 - .04 - .0 5 Net 0 - .01 0 Needles New growth .12 .24 .3 7 Litter fall - .32 - .29 - .3 8 Net - .20 - .05 - .01 ' Litter fall is determined by the equation : Li = fiL, where L is the 3- or 4-year mean (table 2) and fi is the fractional component of needles or branches from table 3 . Table 7.-Some comparisons of annual increments in shoo t components of contrasting pine stand s Stand Age Density Annual production Foliage Stem Branches References yr sterns/ha metric tons/ha P. contorta 77 3,800 3 .7 3.9 0 .8 This study P. radiata 12 1,560 3 .1-3 .3 10 .8 2 .9 Forrest 196 9 P. virginiana 17 5,750 4 .3 5 .8 3 .6 Madgwick 196 8 P. densiflora 33 2,340 3 .4 8.7 2 .1 Hatiya et al . 196 5 196
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PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARC H O N CONIFEROU
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Research on Coniferous Forest Ecosy
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Contents SOME BROADER VIEWS OF BIOM
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Page AQUATIC PROCESS STUDIES 279 St
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Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
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directly, to solution of major natu
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4. Nutritional adaptation to enviro
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where validation studies could be c
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have been developed . Prior to thei
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of gross production and respiration
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Figure 1 . Aerial photo of Findley
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Nutrient levels in stream and lake
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Acknowledgments The work reported i
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inputs into the lakes . Recent stud
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was slightly raised in 1902, the la
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climate, surrounding terrestrial en
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more similar than between the diffe
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The net rate of primary production
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community structure and energy flo
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est adapted organism vacillates bet
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U .S . Analysis of Ecosystems, Inte
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successful . Thus we can see modeli
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of the external quantities of S wou
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Figure 2 . The major subsystems of
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subsystems as objects . In addition
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several models together to form the
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The study areas are located at seve
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K m Figure 1 . Watershed 2, H . J.
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An alternative way of considering i
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Snowmelt A flow chart of the snow a
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d Gs Gr = (1 - Ki) d t By integrati
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Calibration of Parameter s In gener
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model being developed under the Con
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Usually, we are interested in the o
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LINEAR Y~(T) 2nd ORDER Y2 (T) 3rd O
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the watershed. The hydrologic model
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considered as part of another food
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PRIMARY PRRODUCTIO N ■ FOLIAGE CO
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Graham, S. A. 1952. Forest entomolo
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ful in regions with relatively unif
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epresents the basic linkages betwee
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Cleary and Waring 1969, Reed 1971,
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vation that species such as Brewer
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Table 3.-Predicted plant response i
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Walker, Reed, Scott, and Webb are c
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Water and Nutrien t Movement Throug
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Here v is the volume of water cross
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2 10 7100 .160 .220 .280 .340 .400
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.0500 .040 0 z .030 0 E L.) 0 .020
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ment of the flux of ions through th
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Table 2 .-Forest floor composition
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Table 5 .-Monthly amounts of litter
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Figure 2 illustrates how CO 2 produ
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Ballard, T. M. 1968 . Carbon dioxid
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2. How effectively are these chemic
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Table 2 .-Nutrient budget for disso
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Figure 1 . Water content of the sur
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0.12_ _30 rn z 0 Q z w 0 z 0 0 z Q
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_3 0 . Outflow Concentration _ __ R
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0.10_ 0.08 _ Pea k 0.04_ Concentrat
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8J Calciu m 0 I I I I 0.25 0.50 0.7
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water is dominant because flowing w
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Table 1.-Characteristics of study p
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Z w 2 w J w 3 0 Table 2. Average to
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of the nitrogen was not determined.
Page 139 and 140: Table 6. Total kg per hectare per y
Page 141 and 142: through litterfall . More amounts o
Page 143 and 144: Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 145 and 146: Figure 3. Two additional carabiners
Page 147 and 148: 1 1 Figure 11 . The climber places
Page 149 and 150: Figure 16. The spar in use. The sus
Page 151 and 152: in our example) and the running tot
Page 153 and 154: Dashed lines are dead branches . Th
Page 157 and 158: Table 1.-Transpiration rates, mean
Page 159 and 160: this case the slopes of activity-ti
Page 161 and 162: solve equation 2 for Tm since the f
Page 165 and 166: ing methods . Every point in the sa
Page 167 and 168: Patterns in Point Displacemen t Mea
Page 169 and 170: trees indicates that the coordinate
Page 171 and 172: data; there is no obvious explanati
Page 175 and 176: where C is the percentage cover by
Page 177 and 178: Table 1.-Epiphyte biomass on the tr
Page 179 and 180: NZ. 4 50 100 150 EPIPHYTE IMPORTANC
Page 181 and 182: Table 4.-Biomass estimates (kg) for
Page 183 and 184: watershed 10 (C . T. Dyrness, perso
Page 185 and 186: Table 1 .-Some population character
Page 187 and 188: Table 2 .-Annual litter fall in Col
Page 189: Table 4. Biomass and growth increme
Page 193 and 194: Kiil, A. D. 1968. Weight of the fue
Page 195 and 196: condition differ) ; the turnover ra
Page 197 and 198: proportionally about the same for e
Page 199 and 200: Bird Studies The forest birds were
Page 201 and 202: Further Studies The data provided f
Page 203 and 204: Terrestrial Process Studies 209
Page 205 and 206: from theses. The principal processe
Page 207 and 208: Table 1 .-Saturating light intensit
Page 209 and 210: at least 0 .06 percent CO 2 . Howev
Page 211 and 212: Pharis et al. 1967). Again Helms (1
Page 213 and 214: Effects of Leaf Temperature an d Le
Page 215 and 216: Literature Cited Baule, H., and C.
Page 217 and 218: Lopushinsky, W . 1969. Stomatal clo
Page 221 and 222: Von Bertalanffy (1969) calls nonsum
Page 223 and 224: which may be of importance in model
Page 225 and 226: The first three terms of equation 1
Page 227 and 228: P = F+ R where F = net assimilation
Page 231 and 232: This function is asymptotic to zero
Page 233 and 234: The important interaction between l
Page 237 and 238: (3 = H/AE=yo$/De (3 ) where y is th
Page 239 and 240: 0.4 0.2 v 0 0 w IX -0.2 I- cr -0.4
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Table L-Diurnal energy budget compo
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4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 TIME, H
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1970. Evapotranspiration an d meteo
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may bias the results . Meteorologic
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7.4 ppm . The lysimeters at Coshoct
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Acknowledgments The work reported i
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extracted was determined by the wei
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I - 5 -l o -1 5 HPV 1 10 . 0 I . 6
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Table 1 .- Tukey's w Multiple Compa
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studies in conifers-a review . In J
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permeable to both CO 2 and water va
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insolation (1 cal cm 2 min-1 ) and
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Aquatic Process Studies 279
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stream environments (Krygier and Ha
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S, - 4ydrolo9i c S2 = I¢rr¢strIa
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ingestion variation between individ
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contribute to detrital compartment
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volume measurement, realizing that
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fer of the indicated carbon-14 trac
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18L LAKE WATER LIGH T 50m1 HOURLY D
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a function of time and space, (b) c
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Table 1.-Suggested criteria for jud
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Table 4.-Average C, N, and P conten
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during 1963 to 1967 and from Lake S
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greater than 7 .2:1 (16:1 by atoms)
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2 .0 1 .0 0 Si P-N N-Si P-Si P-N-Si
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detectable increase in concentratio
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in lakes . J. Ecol . 29 : 280-329 .
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Woodey 1970 ; Thorne, Reeves, and M
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targets are insonified several time
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This program will automatically cal
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The FOREST SERVICE et ; U :' S D pa
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