PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARCH ON - HJ Andrews Experimental Forest

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ieoo -- ~e0o - I/00 - 1200 - 10o0 - u X N boo - eoo -- 40 0 200 0- /s.scm -.0-IA4 CM I I I I I I I I I I I I I l l I l l l l l l l l l -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 3, Y AXIS, C M a . APRILMEASUREMENT b. OCTOBERMEASUREMENT Figure 2 . Graphic display of point location data from a Douglas-fir tree near Seattle, Washington, on whic h branching was not surveyed in detail . Bole graphed to show diameter to scale. 168
ing methods . Every point in the sample spac e is thus located with respect to any arbitraril y defined three-coordinate system . Details of the procedure are presented elsewhere (West and Allen 1971) . 1 One of the theodolites is equipped with a specially designed circular reticle for measuring branch or stem diameter, employing th e principle of stadia measurement . All measure d angles and reticle readings are recorded in th e field on specially designed data forms, an d trigonometric conversions of field data t o point locations and stem or branch diameter s are made by computer . Figure 2 is an exampl e of a computer graphic of one of the trees o n the Thompson site . Description of the Sample The Douglas-fir stand, located on the A. E . Thompson Research Area in the Cedar Rive r watershed, lies some 64 km southeast of Seattle, Washington . The Research Area is described in detail by Cole and Gessel (1968) . Measurements were obtained from a group o f eight contiguous trees on each of two proximate (not contiguous) permanent research plots (designated 1 and 2 on the Researc h Area) within an even-aged 40-year-old plantation . Plot 1 received three applications o f nitrogen as ammonium sulfate (NH 4 SO 4 at the rate of 222 kg/ha in October 1963 , October 1964, and May 1970 . Plot 2 was left untreated as a control . The eight trees selected for measuremen t on each plot were selected first by choosin g an arbitrary point within each plot, and the n taking the eight trees nearest to each point a s sampling trees. The only controlling criterio n placed upon location of the starting point o n each plot was that it should be far enough within the plot to avoid inclusion of boundary trees in the sample . Measurements on the sample trees were made in April 1970, befor e bud burst, and then again in October 1970 , after the apparent end of the growing season . Data were taken to include the coordinate location and the diameter (outside hark) at the following points : a) At the base of the tree, defined as being at the duff line or ground line, as wel l as could be determined . Diameters were measured with a tape . b) Diameters at breast height (d .b.h . ) 150 cm above the duff line were marked with a ribbon for subsequent remeasurement . c) The bole at every fourth whorl where limbs were still present (diameters wer e calculated from reticle readings) . d) The base of the live crown, defined as the lowermost whorl at which more than 50 percent of the branches hel d green leaves . The location of a whorl i s defined as the approximate centroid of branch emergence ; diameter measurements on the bole are made just below the lowermost branch as well as just above the uppermost branch of th e whorl (fig. 3). (Diameters calculated from reticle readings . ) e) At every fourth branch whorl within the live crown, or at least one branc h whorl within the middle one-third of the live crown . f) The topmost whorl in April and that same whorl plus the new topmos t whorl in October . g) The top of the leader, at the base of th e terminal bud whorl . 1 E . E . Addor and H . W . West. A technique fo r measuring the three-dimensional geometry of standing trees . U .S. Army Waterways Experiment Station , Vicksburg, Mississippi . Unpublished . Figure 3. Definition of branch whorl location, an d location of diameter measurements at whorl . 169
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PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARC H O N CONIFEROU
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Research on Coniferous Forest Ecosy
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Contents SOME BROADER VIEWS OF BIOM
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Page AQUATIC PROCESS STUDIES 279 St
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Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
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directly, to solution of major natu
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4. Nutritional adaptation to enviro
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where validation studies could be c
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have been developed . Prior to thei
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of gross production and respiration
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Figure 1 . Aerial photo of Findley
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Nutrient levels in stream and lake
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Acknowledgments The work reported i
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inputs into the lakes . Recent stud
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was slightly raised in 1902, the la
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climate, surrounding terrestrial en
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more similar than between the diffe
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The net rate of primary production
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community structure and energy flo
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est adapted organism vacillates bet
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U .S . Analysis of Ecosystems, Inte
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successful . Thus we can see modeli
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of the external quantities of S wou
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Figure 2 . The major subsystems of
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subsystems as objects . In addition
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several models together to form the
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The study areas are located at seve
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K m Figure 1 . Watershed 2, H . J.
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An alternative way of considering i
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Snowmelt A flow chart of the snow a
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d Gs Gr = (1 - Ki) d t By integrati
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Calibration of Parameter s In gener
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model being developed under the Con
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Usually, we are interested in the o
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LINEAR Y~(T) 2nd ORDER Y2 (T) 3rd O
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the watershed. The hydrologic model
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considered as part of another food
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PRIMARY PRRODUCTIO N ■ FOLIAGE CO
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Graham, S. A. 1952. Forest entomolo
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ful in regions with relatively unif
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epresents the basic linkages betwee
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Cleary and Waring 1969, Reed 1971,
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vation that species such as Brewer
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Table 3.-Predicted plant response i
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Walker, Reed, Scott, and Webb are c
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Water and Nutrien t Movement Throug
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Here v is the volume of water cross
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2 10 7100 .160 .220 .280 .340 .400
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.0500 .040 0 z .030 0 E L.) 0 .020
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ment of the flux of ions through th
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Table 2 .-Forest floor composition
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Table 5 .-Monthly amounts of litter
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Figure 2 illustrates how CO 2 produ
Page 113 and 114: Ballard, T. M. 1968 . Carbon dioxid
Page 115 and 116: 2. How effectively are these chemic
Page 117 and 118: Table 2 .-Nutrient budget for disso
Page 119 and 120: Figure 1 . Water content of the sur
Page 121 and 122: 0.12_ _30 rn z 0 Q z w 0 z 0 0 z Q
Page 123 and 124: _3 0 . Outflow Concentration _ __ R
Page 125 and 126: 0.10_ 0.08 _ Pea k 0.04_ Concentrat
Page 127 and 128: 8J Calciu m 0 I I I I 0.25 0.50 0.7
Page 129 and 130: water is dominant because flowing w
Page 131 and 132: Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 133 and 134: Table 1.-Characteristics of study p
Page 135 and 136: Z w 2 w J w 3 0 Table 2. Average to
Page 137 and 138: of the nitrogen was not determined.
Page 139 and 140: Table 6. Total kg per hectare per y
Page 141 and 142: through litterfall . More amounts o
Page 145 and 146: Figure 3. Two additional carabiners
Page 147 and 148: 1 1 Figure 11 . The climber places
Page 149 and 150: Figure 16. The spar in use. The sus
Page 151 and 152: in our example) and the running tot
Page 153 and 154: Dashed lines are dead branches . Th
Page 157 and 158: Table 1.-Transpiration rates, mean
Page 159 and 160: this case the slopes of activity-ti
Page 161 and 162: solve equation 2 for Tm since the f
Page 163: Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 167 and 168: Patterns in Point Displacemen t Mea
Page 169 and 170: trees indicates that the coordinate
Page 171 and 172: data; there is no obvious explanati
Page 175 and 176: where C is the percentage cover by
Page 177 and 178: Table 1.-Epiphyte biomass on the tr
Page 179 and 180: NZ. 4 50 100 150 EPIPHYTE IMPORTANC
Page 181 and 182: Table 4.-Biomass estimates (kg) for
Page 183 and 184: watershed 10 (C . T. Dyrness, perso
Page 185 and 186: Table 1 .-Some population character
Page 187 and 188: Table 2 .-Annual litter fall in Col
Page 189 and 190: Table 4. Biomass and growth increme
Page 191 and 192: Table 6.-Annual turnover from certa
Page 193 and 194: Kiil, A. D. 1968. Weight of the fue
Page 195 and 196: condition differ) ; the turnover ra
Page 197 and 198: proportionally about the same for e
Page 199 and 200: Bird Studies The forest birds were
Page 201 and 202: Further Studies The data provided f
Page 203 and 204: Terrestrial Process Studies 209
Page 205 and 206: from theses. The principal processe
Page 207 and 208: Table 1 .-Saturating light intensit
Page 209 and 210: at least 0 .06 percent CO 2 . Howev
Page 211 and 212: Pharis et al. 1967). Again Helms (1
Page 213 and 214: Effects of Leaf Temperature an d Le
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Literature Cited Baule, H., and C.
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Lopushinsky, W . 1969. Stomatal clo
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Von Bertalanffy (1969) calls nonsum
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which may be of importance in model
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The first three terms of equation 1
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P = F+ R where F = net assimilation
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This function is asymptotic to zero
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The important interaction between l
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(3 = H/AE=yo$/De (3 ) where y is th
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0.4 0.2 v 0 0 w IX -0.2 I- cr -0.4
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Table L-Diurnal energy budget compo
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4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 TIME, H
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1970. Evapotranspiration an d meteo
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may bias the results . Meteorologic
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7.4 ppm . The lysimeters at Coshoct
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Acknowledgments The work reported i
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extracted was determined by the wei
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I - 5 -l o -1 5 HPV 1 10 . 0 I . 6
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Table 1 .- Tukey's w Multiple Compa
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studies in conifers-a review . In J
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permeable to both CO 2 and water va
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insolation (1 cal cm 2 min-1 ) and
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Aquatic Process Studies 279
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stream environments (Krygier and Ha
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S, - 4ydrolo9i c S2 = I¢rr¢strIa
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ingestion variation between individ
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contribute to detrital compartment
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volume measurement, realizing that
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fer of the indicated carbon-14 trac
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18L LAKE WATER LIGH T 50m1 HOURLY D
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a function of time and space, (b) c
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Table 1.-Suggested criteria for jud
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Table 4.-Average C, N, and P conten
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during 1963 to 1967 and from Lake S
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greater than 7 .2:1 (16:1 by atoms)
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2 .0 1 .0 0 Si P-N N-Si P-Si P-N-Si
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detectable increase in concentratio
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in lakes . J. Ecol . 29 : 280-329 .
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Woodey 1970 ; Thorne, Reeves, and M
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targets are insonified several time
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This program will automatically cal
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The FOREST SERVICE et ; U :' S D pa
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