PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARCH ON - HJ Andrews Experimental Forest

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in oceanography, Vol . 1, p . 205-239. Ne w York: Pergamon . and J. D. H. Strickland. 1962 . On the production of particulate organic carbon by heterotrophic processes in se a water. Deep-Sea Res . 8 : 211-222 . Patton, B . C. 1968. Ecological modeling with analog and digital computers . Am. Inst . Biol . Sci., 40 p . Provasoli, L. 1963. Organic regulation of phytoplankton fertility . In M . N. Hill (ed .) , The seas, p . 165. New York : Interscienc e Publ . Riley, G. A. 1963. Theory of food chain relationships in the ocean . In M. N . Hill (ed .) , The seas, p . 438. New York : Interscience Publ . Ryther, J . H. 1963. Geographic variations i n productibility . In M. N. Hill (ed .), The seas, Nauk. USSR 18(4) : 955-958 . Sorokin, Y . I. 1966 . Carbon-14 method in the study of the nutrition of aquatic animals . Hydrobiology 51(2) : 209-224 . Stanier, R. Y., M . Doudoroff, and E . A . Adelberg . 1963. The microbial work . 75 3 p. Englewood Cliffs, N .J . : Prentice Hall . Steemann-Nielsen, E . 1952. The use of radio - active carbon for measuring organic production in the sea. J. Conserv. Intern. Explor . 18 : 117-140 . 1963. Productivity, definitio n and measurement . In M. N. Hill (ed.), The sea, p. 129. New York : Interscience Publ . and E. G. Jorgensen . 1968. The adaptation of plankton algae. I. General part. Physiol. Plant. 21 : 401-413 . Strickland, J. D. H. 1965. Production o f organic matter in the primary stages of the p. 347. New York : Interscience Publ . marine food chain . In J. P. Riley and G . Saunders, G . W. 1957 . Interrelations of dissolved organic matter and phytoplankton . Skirrow (eds.), Chemical oceanography, p . 712 . New York : Academic Press . Bot. Rev. 23(6) : 389-410 . and T. R. Parsons . 1965 . A 1971 . Coupled oscillations in the metabolism of bacteria in lakes . (Abstr.) Am. Soc. Microbiol . (Bacteriol . Proc.), p . 53 . and Thomas A . Storch . 1971 . Coupled oscillatory control mechanism in a planktonic system . Nature New Biol . 230(10) : 58-60 . , F. B. Trama, and R. W. Bachmann. 1962. Evaluation of a modified carbon-14 technique for shipboard estimation of photosynthesis in large lakes . Univ . Mich., Great Lakes Res. Div . Publ . No . 8, p . 61 . Schindler, D . W. 1966 . A liquid scintillation method for measuring carbon-14 uptake i n photosyntheses. Nature (London ) 211(505) : 844-845 . manual of sea water analysis . Fish . Res . Bd . Can . Bull. 125, p. 203 . Strugger, S. 1948 . Fluorescence microscope examination of bacteria in soil . Can.J. Res . 26 : 188-193 . Stumm, W ., and James J . Morgan. 1970 . Aquatic chemistry : an introduction emphasizing chemical equilibria in natural waters . 583 p. New York : John Wiley & Sons, Inc . Ward, F . J ., B . Wong, and G . G . C. Robinson . 1970 . A liquid scintillation procedure for determining the effect of size on self - adsorption of carbon-14 in Daphnia pulex . Limnol. Oceanogr. 15(4) : 648-652 . Wood, E. J. F . 1965 . Marine microbial ecology . 243 p . New York : Reinholt . Wright, R . T., and J. E. Hobbie . 1966 . Use of glucose and acetate by bacteria and algae in Shuskina, E. A., and A . V . Monakov . 1969 . aquatic ecosystems . Ecology 47(3) : The use of radiocarbon for the separation of planktonic animals into trophic levels . 447-464 . 300
Proceedings-Research on Coniferous <strong>Forest</strong> Ecosystems-A symposium. Bellingham, Washington-March 23-24, 197 2 Dynamics of nutrient supply and primary production in Lake Sammamish, Washington Eugene B . Welc h an d Demetrios E . Spyridakis Department of Civil Engineering University of Washingto n Seattle, Washingto n Abstract Lake Sammamish, which lies about 12 miles east of Seattle, Washington, with moderate depth (mean 17 .7 m ) and area (19.8 km 2 ), ranks third in productivity of the four Cedar River drainage lakes and can be classified mesotrophic. While diversion of over one-half the P from nearby Lake Washington during 1963-67 was followe d by reduction in winter mean P content and a rapid shift from eutrophy to mesotrophy (Edmondson 1970) , mean winter P content and measured characteristics of plankton response have not changed in Lake Sammamis h following a diversion of similar magnitude . Annual nutrient budgets suggest a reduction in sedimented P sinc e diversion but little change in the quantity of P released from anaerobic sediment . P availability in the water column (winter mean content) appears to be controlled by Fe precipitation to a greater extent than in Lak e Washington. Experiments in situ show that N and P are equally limiting to summer phytoplankton productivity , but as found in Lake Washington, P may be of more long-term significance. Introduction The supply of limiting nutrient is probabl y the most significant factor that determine s the trophic status of a lake . This relationshi p can be affected by several factors, particularl y those that control nutrient supply such as morphometric and hydrologic conditions . Vollenweider (1968) has related supply of N and P to trophic status of 20 lakes and foun d that the relationship was dependent on lake morphometry expressed as mean depth . This relationship illustrates that reasonably reliable predictions about the primary production and trophic status of lakes are possible with in - formation on the supply of limiting nutrient and lake morphometry . Such predictability i s valuable in the management of man's encroachment on lakes. Of still more value is knowledge of the response rate of trophi c status indicators to changes in nutrient supply . This paper presents preliminary findings on a nutrient supply budget for Lake Sammamish near Seattle, Washington, and ho w alteration in that supply by sewage diversio n has affected nutrient limitation and primar y production . The response in Lake Sammamish to nutrient diversion is compared to that in Lake Washington and mechanisms are hypothesized to explain the delayed recovery in Lak e Sammamish . Their trophic status is compare d to that of other study lakes in the Cedar River drainage, Findley Lake and Chester Mors e Lake, with the ultimate intent of refining predictive relationships among trophic status , nutrient supply and morphometric factors i n lakes. Prediction of the rate of response o f trophic status indicators to change in nutrien t supply should also be enhanced by detaile d comparison of manipulated Lakes Sammamish and Washington . 301
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PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARC H O N CONIFEROU
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Research on Coniferous Forest Ecosy
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Contents SOME BROADER VIEWS OF BIOM
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Page AQUATIC PROCESS STUDIES 279 St
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Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
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directly, to solution of major natu
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4. Nutritional adaptation to enviro
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where validation studies could be c
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have been developed . Prior to thei
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of gross production and respiration
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Figure 1 . Aerial photo of Findley
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Nutrient levels in stream and lake
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Acknowledgments The work reported i
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inputs into the lakes . Recent stud
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was slightly raised in 1902, the la
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climate, surrounding terrestrial en
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more similar than between the diffe
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The net rate of primary production
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community structure and energy flo
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est adapted organism vacillates bet
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U .S . Analysis of Ecosystems, Inte
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successful . Thus we can see modeli
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of the external quantities of S wou
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Figure 2 . The major subsystems of
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subsystems as objects . In addition
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several models together to form the
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The study areas are located at seve
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K m Figure 1 . Watershed 2, H . J.
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An alternative way of considering i
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Snowmelt A flow chart of the snow a
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d Gs Gr = (1 - Ki) d t By integrati
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Calibration of Parameter s In gener
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model being developed under the Con
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Usually, we are interested in the o
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LINEAR Y~(T) 2nd ORDER Y2 (T) 3rd O
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the watershed. The hydrologic model
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considered as part of another food
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PRIMARY PRRODUCTIO N ■ FOLIAGE CO
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Graham, S. A. 1952. Forest entomolo
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ful in regions with relatively unif
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epresents the basic linkages betwee
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Cleary and Waring 1969, Reed 1971,
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vation that species such as Brewer
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Table 3.-Predicted plant response i
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Walker, Reed, Scott, and Webb are c
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Water and Nutrien t Movement Throug
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Here v is the volume of water cross
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2 10 7100 .160 .220 .280 .340 .400
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.0500 .040 0 z .030 0 E L.) 0 .020
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ment of the flux of ions through th
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Table 2 .-Forest floor composition
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Table 5 .-Monthly amounts of litter
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Figure 2 illustrates how CO 2 produ
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Ballard, T. M. 1968 . Carbon dioxid
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2. How effectively are these chemic
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Table 2 .-Nutrient budget for disso
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Figure 1 . Water content of the sur
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0.12_ _30 rn z 0 Q z w 0 z 0 0 z Q
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_3 0 . Outflow Concentration _ __ R
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0.10_ 0.08 _ Pea k 0.04_ Concentrat
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8J Calciu m 0 I I I I 0.25 0.50 0.7
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water is dominant because flowing w
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Table 1.-Characteristics of study p
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Z w 2 w J w 3 0 Table 2. Average to
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of the nitrogen was not determined.
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Table 6. Total kg per hectare per y
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through litterfall . More amounts o
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Figure 3. Two additional carabiners
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1 1 Figure 11 . The climber places
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Figure 16. The spar in use. The sus
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in our example) and the running tot
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Dashed lines are dead branches . Th
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Table 1.-Transpiration rates, mean
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this case the slopes of activity-ti
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solve equation 2 for Tm since the f
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ing methods . Every point in the sa
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Patterns in Point Displacemen t Mea
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trees indicates that the coordinate
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data; there is no obvious explanati
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where C is the percentage cover by
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Table 1.-Epiphyte biomass on the tr
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NZ. 4 50 100 150 EPIPHYTE IMPORTANC
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Table 4.-Biomass estimates (kg) for
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watershed 10 (C . T. Dyrness, perso
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Table 1 .-Some population character
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Table 2 .-Annual litter fall in Col
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Table 4. Biomass and growth increme
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Table 6.-Annual turnover from certa
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Kiil, A. D. 1968. Weight of the fue
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condition differ) ; the turnover ra
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proportionally about the same for e
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Bird Studies The forest birds were
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Further Studies The data provided f
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Terrestrial Process Studies 209
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from theses. The principal processe
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Table 1 .-Saturating light intensit
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at least 0 .06 percent CO 2 . Howev
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Pharis et al. 1967). Again Helms (1
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Effects of Leaf Temperature an d Le
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Literature Cited Baule, H., and C.
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Lopushinsky, W . 1969. Stomatal clo
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Von Bertalanffy (1969) calls nonsum
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which may be of importance in model
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The first three terms of equation 1
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P = F+ R where F = net assimilation
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This function is asymptotic to zero
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The important interaction between l
Page 235 and 236: Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 237 and 238: (3 = H/AE=yo$/De (3 ) where y is th
Page 239 and 240: 0.4 0.2 v 0 0 w IX -0.2 I- cr -0.4
Page 241 and 242: Table L-Diurnal energy budget compo
Page 243 and 244: 4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 TIME, H
Page 245 and 246: 1970. Evapotranspiration an d meteo
Page 247 and 248: may bias the results . Meteorologic
Page 249 and 250: 7.4 ppm . The lysimeters at Coshoct
Page 251 and 252: Acknowledgments The work reported i
Page 253 and 254: extracted was determined by the wei
Page 257 and 258: I - 5 -l o -1 5 HPV 1 10 . 0 I . 6
Page 259 and 260: Table 1 .- Tukey's w Multiple Compa
Page 261 and 262: studies in conifers-a review . In J
Page 263 and 264: permeable to both CO 2 and water va
Page 265 and 266: insolation (1 cal cm 2 min-1 ) and
Page 267 and 268: Aquatic Process Studies 279
Page 269 and 270: stream environments (Krygier and Ha
Page 271 and 272: S, - 4ydrolo9i c S2 = I¢rr¢strIa
Page 273 and 274: ingestion variation between individ
Page 277 and 278: contribute to detrital compartment
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Page 281 and 282: fer of the indicated carbon-14 trac
Page 283 and 284: 18L LAKE WATER LIGH T 50m1 HOURLY D
Page 285: a function of time and space, (b) c
Page 289 and 290: Table 1.-Suggested criteria for jud
Page 291 and 292: Table 4.-Average C, N, and P conten
Page 293 and 294: during 1963 to 1967 and from Lake S
Page 295 and 296: greater than 7 .2:1 (16:1 by atoms)
Page 297 and 298: 2 .0 1 .0 0 Si P-N N-Si P-Si P-N-Si
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Page 301 and 302: in lakes . J. Ecol . 29 : 280-329 .
Page 303 and 304: Woodey 1970 ; Thorne, Reeves, and M
Page 305 and 306: targets are insonified several time
Page 307 and 308: This program will automatically cal
Page 309: The FOREST SERVICE et ; U :' S D pa
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