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SRA 2013 Annual Meeting Abstracts P.130 Kowalek, Denna; Howard University ; denna.kowalek@gmail.com Understanding risk: Applying the CAUSE model in a content analysis of emergency management organizations coverage of hurricane Sandy. Andersen and Spitzberg (2010) state that by many measures, the world is becoming a more dangerous place. The fact that there are more people in more places, from more cultures, often in greater levels of density, means that when disasters occur, they have the potential to affect more people, and more organizations and institutions are responsible for managing such disasters. Examining emergency management organizations communicative messages during Hurricane Sandy in the fall of 2012 allows risk and crisis communicators to determine how the hurricane information was disseminated, thus providing further precautionary and preparedness actions. Understanding how people view disasters and precautionary and preparedness will help generate more effective risk communication campaigns. This research will utilize Rowan’s et al. (2009) CAUSE model as a framework to understand how The National Weather Service (NOAA), American Red Cross and FEMA incorporated precautionary and preparedness action into their coverage of Hurricane Sandy. This will be done to determine how emergency management organizations created understanding through their messages. This information is crucial to understand in order to comprehend precautionary and preparedness actions regarding disasters. A content analysis will be conducted of messages from the National Weather Service, American Red Cross, and Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to understand how messages addressed the U in the CAUSE model, understanding, while discussing precautionary and preparedness actions regarding Hurricane Sandy. W2-E.4 Kponee, K*; Vorhees, D; Heiger-Benays, W; Boston University School of Public Health; kzkponee@bu.edu Exposure to highly contaminated drinking water in a rural Nigerian Village In 2011, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) reported findings from its study of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in the Ogoniland region of Nigeria where frequent and massive oil spills have destroyed vast areas, including farmland, fisheries, and water supplies. UNEP recommended research and remedial action to protect human health, with some recommendations focused on the Ogale community where residents rely on a drinking water supply contaminated with benzene and other petroleum hydrocarbons. Benzene alone has been detected at concentrations almost 2,000 times higher than the USEPA drinking water standard. UNEP staff observed people using the contaminated drinking water and noted that its strong odor. Because such elevated exposures are likely to be associated with a range of acute and chronic effects, UNEP recommended emergency provision of clean drinking water, medical surveillance, and implementation of a prospective cohort study to investigate the effects of exposure to the contaminated drinking water in Ogale. There are no reports indicating that these recommendations have been implemented except for provision of clean water in late 2011. This study implements some of UNEP’s recommendations for Ogale. Based on an investigator-administered questionnaire to one hundred households, this study provides a (1) detailed assessment of exposure to the contaminated water supply; and (2) a preliminary comparison of self-reported symptoms and health outcomes in the community served by the contaminated drinking water supply and a nearby comparable community served by a relatively clean drinking water supply. This study represents the logical next step to determine whether the extremely high levels of exposure in Ogale might be associated with acute and chronic adverse health effects. It also might improve understanding of how oil spills affect human health, a question that has eluded those investigating oil spills involving lower levels of exposure. P.91 Kroner, O*; Wullenweber, A; Willis, AM; Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment (TERA); Kroner@TERA.org Rethinking Risk Data: ITER 2.0 For 17 years, the International Toxicity Estimates for Risk (ITER) database (www.tera.org/iter) has been a centralized source of peer-reviewed chronic human health risk values. ITER is a free resource, providing access to international risk information with a side-by-side comparison of risk values. Since 1996, the database has grown to include over 700 chemicals and includes risk values derived by organizations from around the world. However, during this time the world has seen major advancements in computational processing power, database mining and programming, and user interface design. In short, we are learning to extract more knowledge from the available data. With an eye to the future, a series of stakeholder surveys have been conducted to evaluate how ITER and risk information is currently used by risk assessors, and how ITER may be restructured to be most useful to meet the risk assessment community’s needs. Survey results indicated several areas for improvement and have spurred a call for ITER 2.0, which is currently underway. The redesigned system will be built to support additional problem formulations (NAS, 2009), offering flexibility to include additional data types such as acute values, occupational exposure levels, biomonitoring equivalents, and possibly ecological risk values. Possible user interface enhancements will allow for searching and sorting by chemical class, target endpoint, date of derivation, and uncertainty factors, and allow for cross chemical comparisons and meta-analyses. The development of ITER 2.0 based on user feedback will help organizations share their risk work, and help risk scientists navigate the available data to streamline public health protection efforts. P.90 Kugihara, N; Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University; kugihara@hus.osaka-u.ac.jp Effects of changing frequency of heterogeneous stimuli over time on estimation of frequency Two kinds of stimuli (i.e. photos and words) were shown repeatedly to participants for twenty minutes. The photos have neutral emotional valence (e.g. spoon, tissue paper and dish) and words were nonsense syllables (e.g. nuse, heyo and rue). These stimuli were shown according to two types of schedules, HF (high frequency) and LF (low frequency). As for HF, the presented frequency increased rapidly and reached the peak (60 times per minute) in two minutes, then decreased gradually. As for LF, it increased gradually and reached the peak (6 times per minute) in two minutes, then decreased. HF and LF schedule were done at the same time. In one condition, stimuli of HF were words and LF were photos and in another condition HF were photos and LF were words. If a disaster occurs, mass media have a tendency to try to identify and pursue a target in charge of the tragic event. The frequency of the newspaper articles pursuing targets varies and fluctuates through time. Some researches indicate that transitions in scapegoats (targets) occur as time advances from persons or groups to society or to our culture. My past laboratory studies showed that these transitions were mainly caused by our memory bias. This means that the rare targets picked up by articles overestimated and also the degree of the overestimation increases as time advances. However, these experiment used same kinds of stimuli. Therefore participants may fail to discriminate these stimuli. To avoid this problem the present study used heterogeneous stimuli (words and photos) as HF and LF. Results showed that perceived frequencies of LF were overestimated, and the subjective peak of LF appeared later than actual peak. On the other hand frequencies of HF were underestimated, and estimation peak nearly corresponded to presentation peak. These results indicate that even if presented stimuli were heterogeneous we have subjective biases of frequency and of its peak estimation. December 8-11, 2013 - Baltimore, MD
SRA 2013 Annual Meeting Abstracts P.138 Kuiken, T*; Quadros, M; Woodrow Wilson Center, Virginia Tech; todd.kuiken@wilsoncenter.org Keeping track of nanotechnology in your everyday life: The Nanotechnology Consumer Products Inventory 2.0 The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and the Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies created the Nanotechnology Consumer Product Inventory (CPI), in 2005. This first-of-its-kind inventory tracks consumer products claiming to contain nanomaterials and has become one of the most frequently cited resources showcasing the widespread applications of nanotechnology. The CPI now contains 1,628 consumer products that have been introduced to the market since 2005, representing a 24 percent increase since the last update in 2010. In the years since its launch, the CPI has been criticized because of its lack of scientific data. To address some of these concerns, this update adds qualitative and quantitative descriptors, such as size, concentration, and potential exposure routes for the nanomaterial’s contained in consumer products. It also includes published scientific data related to those products, where available, and adds a metric to assess the reliability of the data on each entry. In addition, the newly re-launched inventory seeks to address scientific uncertainty with contributions from those involved with nanomaterial production, use, and analysis. This is the first major overhaul of the inventory, since it was launched in 2005. The re-launched inventory seeks to “crowd source” expertise in an effort to create an inventory with more accurate information on consumer products. Registered users are encouraged to submit relevant data pertaining to nanoparticle function, location, and properties; potential exposure pathways; toxicity; and lifecycle assessment, as well as add product data and information on new products. The Virginia Tech Center for Sustainable Nanotechnology worked with the Wilson Center to redevelop the inventory to improve the reliability, functionality, and scientific credibility of this database. Virginia Tech’s Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Science provided funding for the effort. P.89 Kumagai, Y*; Hosono, H; Sekizaki, T; the University of Tokyo; 2791388998@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp This is the title; Investigating “consumer awareness” in evaluating food safety hazards related to beef in Japan In an emergency situation, effective risk communication may reduce unnecessary public concern and consequential behaviors. In 2011, Japan has two crisis events for beef-related health hazards (enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O111 and O157 and radioactive contamination) in the area of food safety. In this situation, Japanese consumers become increasingly aware of the risks of health hazards related to beef. The aim of this study is to investigate “consumer awareness” made an influence on evaluating health hazards in an emergency situation. We conducted the internet-based questionnaire survey on October in 2011. The survey had 3,957 respondents. The following subjects were asked about; (1)where each health hazard related to beef (“enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)”, “Salmonella spp.”, “Campylobacter spp.” “bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)”, “radioactive substances”, “antibiotic residues”, and ”cloned animal”) was ranked in descending order of risks, (2)the reasons why respondents chose the highest health hazard. We analyzed the words into free descriptions of the reasons, categorized the words into 8 broad types (“severity”, “probability of occurrences”, “anxiety and fear”, “adverse effects for infants”, “reliability of governmental management”, “avoidance by oneself”, “attention to media”, and “production of are”) as “consumer awareness” and explored factors made an influence on evaluating health hazards. In the result, “consumer awareness” in risk ranking was confirmed as follows; (1)regarding EHEC and Salmonella spp., “severity”, “probability of occurrence”, and “anxiety and fear”, (2)regarding BSE, “anxiety and fear”, “severity” and “avoidance by oneself”, (3)regarding radioactive substances, “reliability of governmental management”, “anxiety and fear”, “attention to media” and “adverse effect for infants”. The result of this study implied that “reliability of governmental management” is very important factor for emerging hazards like radioactive substances. T2-D.1 Kundu, A; University of California, Davis; akundu@ucdavis.edu ESTIMATING RISK OF INTESTINAL NEMATODE INFECTION FROM EXPOSURE TO AMBIENT WATERS USING QUANTITATIVE MICROBIAL RISK ASSESSMENT (QMRA) IN SALTA, ARGENTINA The main objectives of this research were to establish risks related to (i) direct or indirect incidental ingestion of water in Arenales river in three scenarios: primary contact, children and secondary contact; (ii) consumption of uncooked vegetables irrigated with A. lumbricoides contaminated water; and (iii) incidental ingestion of irrigated water by farmers working in the fields. The study area focused on the Arias-Arenales river, which is in the northwestern region of Salta province in Argentina. Eleven locations on the Arenales river were selected for a thirteen-month monitoring study. A quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA), based on observed nematode density, was performed to calculate the annual probability of helminth infection in various scenarios associated with direct or indirect exposure to Ascaris lumbricoides in surface waters. The highest estimated mean risk from direct or indirect ingestion of surface water per person per year (pppy) from a single exposure scenario was found in children (21.23%), followed by adults (12.49%) and secondary exposure (1.54%). We estimated the mean annual risks from consumption of raw (uncooked and unpeeled) vegetables irrigated with polluted water as a worst case scenario. The mean risk was highest in lettuce (0.659%) and lowest in cucumber (0.011%) for the total population. A similar pattern was found for the consumer-only population as well. Here, the risks from consumption of vegetables were 0.27% for cucumbers and 1.54% for lettuce. The annual risk of infection in farmers due to accidental ingestion of irrigated water was 1.06%. The risk varied from as low as 0.005% to a high value of 41% in farmers working in the field without using any protective clothing like gloves, rain boots and so forth. We also estimated risks associated with four scenarios for treating left-censored observations: (i) one-half the detection limit (DL) was assumed for the censored data; (ii) DL was assumed for censored data; (iii) bounding for the censored observations; and (iv) observations with zeroes. P.88 Kuroda, Y*; Iwamitsu, Y; Takemura, K; Ban, N; Sakura, O; Sakata, N; Tsubono, K; Nakagawa, K; The University of Tokyo, Kitasato University, and Waseda University; kuroday-rad@h.u-tokyo.ac.jp Effect of information trustworthiness on cancer risk perception after a nuclear disaster This study examines the effect of trustworthiness on risk perception in residents of Tokyo and Fukushima after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 2000 residents of Tokyo and Fukushima (1000 per city), selected by stratified random sampling. Participants anonymously filled out a questionnaire on 8 cancer risk factors: Smoking, Drinking, Poor Diet and Lack of Exercise, Obesity, Stress, Food Additives, Low Vegetable Consumption, and Radiation Exposure. From these 8 factors, participants were asked to select and rank the top3 (1=highest risk). They also rated their trustworthiness in sources of information about radiation on a 5-point scale (1 = Not Reliable, 5 = Reliable). This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Tokyo. Responses were obtained from 554 participants from Fukushima (mean age = 52.8 ± 16.3 y) and 465 participants from Tokyo (mean age = 51.6 ± 15.8 y). Participants from both cities rated Smoking (40.7%), Radiation Exposure (31.5%), and Stress (17.7%) as factors with highest risks for cancer. Radiation was rated significantly higher as a risk factor by participants from Fukushima than participants from Tokyo (X2 = 6.21, df=1, p < .01). Sources of information about radiation were classified as “Reliable” (score of 5 or 4) and “Unreliable” (scores of 3, 2, or 1). A chi-square test revealed that those receiving information from an unreliable source were more likely to report radiation as a higher risk factor (X2 = 6.81, df=1, p < .01). Trustworthiness is significantly related to perception of radiation risk; thus, building trustworthiness is the key issue to address for effective radiation risk communication. December 8-11, 2013 - Baltimore, MD
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