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UNIT 4: ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 097 S E C T I O N some chemical impurities. Ozone can be created through: • The UV, or photochemical method, which passes air through UV lamps, the UV rays turning the oxygen molecules into ozone, just as in the stratosphere; • High-voltage electricity being passed through dry air in a vacuum. The ozone obtained is then introduced into the water via a compressor or similar device. Also gaining ground is pool water purification by UVC radiation lamps, which radiate UV energy at 240-280 nanometres per second. The light is absorbed by the DNA of bacteria, moulds, viruses and yeast, which then leads to a change in the genetic material so that they are no longer able to multiply. Some chlorine (about 10% of conventional quantities) is then needed to provide residual bacterial control. A second benefit of this method is that UVC light has a photochemical effect, which can destroy chloramines 2 and other by-products of chlorine. ‘Free’ chlorine is then released back into the water to perform its intended task of disinfection. Not only are water quality and atmospheric conditions considerably improved, but also much less chlorine has to be added to provide the residual bacterial control. Monitoring Water Consumption Since water is directly linked to the level of occupancy/activity, it is best to monitor and benchmark water use on the basis of guest nights or visitor numbers. Water meters are essential for the monitoring of water use. Different areas of the business could be sub-metered for the collection of more specific data. Comparing water use over the years and benchmarking with other facilities of similar size and standing can provide valuable information for improved water management and increased savings on water and energy costs. When benchmarking with other properties it must be remembered that water use will vary greatly depending on the size of the property, services offered, level of activity and climatic conditions. It is good environment and business practice to collect and reuse rainwater for irrigation and other non-drinking uses. Water collection tanks can be installed on the roof or at ground level. If the water is to be used in-house it may require a minimum level of treatment. The collection and use of rainwater is discussed in more detail in Unit 5. It is possible to supplement non-drinking water needs by treating and reusing wastewater. The first consideration in wastewater reuse is to distinguish between ‘grey’ and ‘black’ water. Grey water is wastewater from bathrooms, laundries and kitchens; black water is wastewater from toilets. Black water contains pathogens and almost ten times more nitrogen than grey water, and therefore needs to go through a two- or three-stage biological treatment process before it can be reused. Grey water treatment is less intensive and can be safely conducted on-site. The treated water can be used for irrigation, toilet flushing and other non-drinking uses. Over the last ten years, many national water supply and plumbing regulations have been modified to accommodate the reuse of grey water. They are most easily incorporated in the initial design process of a building, as separate drains and septic tanks have to be built. In the case of existing buildings, retrofitting drainage 2 When chlorine and ammonia are both present in water, they react to form ‘combined chlorine’ products called chloramines. They are less effective disinfectants than ‘free’ chlorine. Since water is 2 directly linked to the level of occupancy/ activity, it is best to monitor and Reuse of Treated Wastewater benchmark water use on the basis of guest nights or visitor numbers.
098 UNIT 4: ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS systems may be expensive, and a cost-benefit analysis must be conducted to determine if the effort is worthwhile. The level to which grey water needs to be treated depends on the level of biological oxygen demand, or BOD, of the wastewater and the purpose for which it will be reused. The BOD level is the level of oxygen extracted from the water by bacteria when pollutants decompose. The more organic materials there are in wastewater, the more oxygen is needed for pollutant decomposition. In most hospitality businesses, grey water can be reused for irrigation or flushing toilets, and in this case it may be enough to pass the wastewater through a sand filter. To maximise sand filter efficiency, it is important to minimise the suspended solids in the wastewater. Bathroom, laundry and kitchen outlets should therefore be fitted with filters, and additional grease traps should be added to kitchen outlets. But if grey water is to be used for drinking, it must go through a complete biological treatment process: • Preliminary filtration process to remove grit and large suspended solids; • Preliminary sedimentation process during which 55% of suspended solids are allowed to settle and are subsequently removed from the wastewater; • Biological treatment process, either activated sludge or a percolating filter to oxidise the effluent, and reduce BOD; • Secondary sedimentation process to remove all suspended matter and render the effluent suitable for reuse. Good Practice Tip The treatment of wastewater should not be undertaken without the services of wastewater treatment specialists. Plumbing codes and discharge regulations should also be consulted. S E C T I O N 2 Examples of Good Practice At the Cama Rajputna Club Resort, Rajasthan, India, ten to twenty thousand litres of grey water are first passed through a gravel and sand filter bed and then used for watering the garden. Water use and water bills have further decreased by changing towels and bed linen every three days. At the Steigenberger Kurhaus Hotel, Amsterdam, Netherlands, a calibrated water pressure control system together with water-saving pressure nozzles on washbasins, sinks, and toilet cisterns is bringing substantial water savings. The new dishwasher unit is programmed to reuse water from the previous wash. A wastewater treatment works has been installed at the Taj Residency, Indore, India, through which 40,000 litres of wastewater are treated and reused every day. The treated water is used to water the garden. Further water conservation was made possible by changing watering times from during the day to dawn and dusk. Losses from evaporation, which used to account for 8,000 litres per day, are thus reduced.
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sowing the seeds of change AN ENVIR
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ii Foreword It is with great pleasu
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iv About the Sponsors Le Ministère
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vi Bass Hotels & Resorts Bass Hotel
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viii Table of Contents USER’S GUI
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x Unit 4: Environment Management Sy
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003 UNIT 1 WHERE DO WE STAND? THE S
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SECTION 1: THE STATE OF THE ENVIRON
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TOURISM, HOSPITALITY AND THE ENVIRO
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THE SUSTAINABLE SITING, DESIGN AND
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PARTING THOUGHTS 211 “Expand your
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RESOURCES 213 The following is a li
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215 Unit 4 Being Green Keeps You Ou
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217 Introduction of Environment Imp
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Our natural ecologies today are in
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