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SECTION 2: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE SOCIAL AND CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM 043 S E C T I O N 2 Tourism can have significant impacts on the cultural and social lifestyles of the host populations. Often referred to as ‘people’ impacts, these dynamic and varied effects give rise to changes in lifestyles, value systems, traditional practices, family and community relationships, moral conduct, and health and safety concerns in holiday destinations. Tourism’s social and cultural impacts have received significant attention from planners and academics and are well documented. In fact, we now recognise it as an entire academic discipline of its own, with application not only to tourism, but to geography, modern history, anthropology and a number of other areas. These social and cultural impacts are beyond the scope of this pack and their discussion is therefore limited to a few selected issues that are of concern to many destinations. It does not, however, reduce their importance for sustainable tourism, which calls for tourism that is managed (to a large extent) by local people, respects local tradition and culture, and equitably and tangibly enhances the living conditions in tourist destinations. Some of the key social and cultural impacts of tourism and hospitality are listed below. • Land tenure and ownership issues have arisen, especially surrounding national parks and reserves established on land that has traditionally belonged to indigenous communities. • The roles and rights of local people (including indigenous communities) living in and around protected areas has given rise to conflict between these communities and area management bodies. • The overcrowding and concentration of tourist infrastructure can create ‘tourist ghettos’ where basic infrastructure and resources have to be shared between tourist facilities, local industry and households. When shortages arise during the high season, tourist facilities are given priority, which can cause animosity and tension in local communities. • Some tourist attractions being also sites of local cultural and religious significance, conflict can arise between local communities and the tourism industry. • The apparent wealth of tourists may cause antagonism and encourage the ‘demonstration effect’. Tourists are seen to possess such ‘attractive’ material goods as cameras, electrical devices, trendy clothes, etc. They also appear to have a carefree lifestyle, an impression enhanced by the fact that people on holiday may behave far less responsibly than they do at home. This can lead to the development of an inferiority complex amongst local people, especially the local youth, encouraging them to change their values and lifestyles by imitating the behaviour and consumption patterns of tourists. This is called the ‘demonstration effect’. • Tourism has been accused of introducing and increasing alcoholism, gambling, prostitution and drug abuse among local people, leading directly to increased crime rates and health concerns. Tourism can have significant impacts on the cultural and social lifestyles of the host populations. Often referred to as ‘people’ impacts, these dynamic and varied effects give rise to changes in lifestyles, value systems, traditional practices, family and community relationships, moral conduct, and health and safety concerns in holiday destinations.
044 UNIT 2: TOURISM, HOSPITALITY AND THE ENVIRONMENT – IMPACTS AND SOLUTIONS • While tourism provides a market for the continuation of traditional arts and crafts, it is often accused of encouraging the development of pseudo-art forms which degrade and devalue traditional practice and culture. It is also argued that traditional practices of interest to tourists are often those that are the most unimportant and least valuable to local cultures. Tourism is further accused of commercialising traditional ceremonies and art forms. Certainly, these changes cannot be attributed to tourism alone; in fact, it is debatable if tourism is still an influence at all. Worldwide economic and trade expansion, coupled with the increasing influence of western ‘material’ economies, also play a large part. S E C T I O N 2
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ii Foreword It is with great pleasu
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iv About the Sponsors Le Ministère
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PARTING THOUGHTS 211 “Expand your
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RESOURCES 213 The following is a li
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217 Introduction of Environment Imp
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Our natural ecologies today are in
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