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192 UNIT 5: THE SUSTAINABLE SITING, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF TOURISM FACILITIES Alternative Sewage Treatments These systems are designed to mimic natural wetland ecosystems. The wastewater is passed through a series of plants and micro-organisms to remove solids, bacteria and pathogens present in the sewage. Traditionally such systems required a fair amount of land, but modern technology enables the wastewater to pass through a series of ponds and tanks where plants, invertebrates, fish and sunlight are used to clean it. Examples of Good Practice A successful wetland wastewater treatment system, the Splash Carnivore, has been constructed on the edge of Nairobi National Park, Kenya. The construction of the wetland was completed in mid-1994, and its performance has continuously improved with the biological maturity of the wetland. The wastewater first passes into a settling pond where the solid particles are allowed to settle to the bottom. The water then passes through beds of gravel where bacteria and aquatic plants such as bulrushes, sedges and reeds act together to break down sewage. The water then passes through a series of terraced ponds where other plants further purify the water. The water is now clear and odourless and when it reaches the subsequent open ponds the sun’s UV-C rays effectively eliminate remaining pathogens. The sewage nutrient-rich bacteria falls prey to small crustaceans. Green algae and the absorption of oxygen from the surrounding air also play important roles in purifying the water. This mini-ecosystem is now attracting numerous species of birds and other aquatic wildlife. The only maintenance required is to consistently clear away the excess vegetation, for vegetation falling and rotting in the waterways increases the nutrient levels in the water, and this interferes with the effectiveness of the natural water purification process. The removed vegetation is composted or laid on access footpaths to buffer the impact of foot traffic. The Carnivore Restaurant actively participates in the project by channelling its wastewater to the wetland for treatment. At first, the high level of fat in the restaurant wastewater caused problems. This has now been rectified through the separate collection of waste oils and fats, the fitting of grease traps to the kitchen’s wastewater outlets and the introduction of selectively bred bacteria in the gravel beds. The restaurant further ensures that all cleaning materials are free from phosphates and chlorine. S E C T I O N 3 Composting Toilets Composting toilets allow for the composting of waste in the toilet structure itself and do not require water for flushing. As with all composting practices, bulking material (hay, sawdust, wood shavings etc.) need to be added as regularly as the toilet is used to maintain the carbon and nitrogen balance, and the pile needs to be turned regularly. In cold climates, the toilet chamber needs to be insulated and heated. The heat generated from the composting process causes the moisture from the waste to evaporate. Therefore the toilet needs to be aerated through a vent and/or mechanical aerator. If the pile is well maintained, no odours will arise.
UNIT 5: THE SUSTAINABLE SITING, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF TOURISM FACILITIES 193 In areas where water is scarce and water treatment is difficult, composting toilets can be an ideal alternative. Even when water is available, composting toilets will eliminate black water, which will greatly facilitate on-site wastewater treatment. Windvane vent hood Vent stack Pedestal Fan power pack Composting Toilet Source: A Guide to Innovative Technology for Sustainable Tourism Fan power supply S E C T I O N 3 3.1.5 Landscaping Max. compost level Compost extraction shute Compost Auger Evaporation and vent coils Landscaping greatly improves aesthetics, and can be used to increase and decrease heating and cooling loads, improve air quality, provide a ‘sense of place’, and keep the occupants ‘in touch with nature’. The need to air out buildings through the provision of open spaces is now widely accepted, but is all too rarely given consideration until the site has been cleared and the buildings erected. Sustainable design encourages developers to consider landscaping when the buildings are being designed, and to use the existing physical features of the site to enhance and improve the efficiency of sustainable design. For example, large deciduous trees can be used to reduce cooling loads in the summer and increase solar gain in the winter. Natural gradients can be used to facilitate the collection of rainwater and the landscaping of ponds, mini-wetlands and other features. Landscaping checklist for tourism facilities: • Open spaces, gardens and outdoor swimming-pools should be considered as ‘outdoor rooms’. They should be as comfortable and relaxing as the interiors. • During building and excavation, preserve as much of the original vegetation as possible. Give special attention to mature trees that take years to grow and rare species that may be difficult to regenerate.
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sowing the seeds of change AN ENVIR
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ii Foreword It is with great pleasu
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iv About the Sponsors Le Ministère
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vi Bass Hotels & Resorts Bass Hotel
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viii Table of Contents USER’S GUI
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x Unit 4: Environment Management Sy
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003 UNIT 1 WHERE DO WE STAND? THE S
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SECTION 1: THE STATE OF THE ENVIRON
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UNIT 1: WHERE DO WE STAND? THE STAT
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TOURISM, HOSPITALITY AND THE ENVIRO
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SECTION 1: AN INTRODUCTION TO ENVIR
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069 UNIT 4 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT S
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