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030 SECTION 2: INTRODUCING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ‘Humanity has the ability to make development sustainable – to ensure that it meets the needs of the present generation, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.’ International recognition that environment degradation was threatening not simply economic and social well-being, but life on earth, came about in 1972, when 133 nations gathered for the Stockholm Conference on the Environment and Development – the first global meeting on the environment. One important result was the establishment of UNEP, with the mandate to catalyse environmental protection and improvement across the world. United Nations created the World Commission on the Environment and Development (WCED), often referred to as the ‘Brutland Commission’ after its leader, the then Norwegian Prime Minister, Gro Harlem Brutland. The Commission’s landmark report Our Common Future was published in 1987. It stated that while global economies had to meet human needs and aspirations, economic growth had to fit within the earth’s finite physical limits. It called for ‘a new era of environmentallysound economic development’ and declared, ‘Humanity has the ability to make development sustainable – to ensure that it meets the needs of the present generation, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’ – hence the introduction and definition of sustainable development. In 1989, the United Nations began planning a conference on the environment and development to develop a methodology for sustainable development. Over the next two years, international negotiations commenced as never before. Thousands of experts from industry, business, government, non-government organisations, citizens’ groups and academic disciplines developed policies and action plans. These discussions culminated in the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992. The Earth Summit was unprecedented, not just because it was the biggest ever gathering of heads of state, United Nations agencies, industry, non-government organisations and citizens’ groups, but also because it made it clear that economic development, social well-being and the environment could not continue to be considered as three separate areas. Focusing on achieving sustainable development, the Earth Summit produced: • THE RIO DECLARATION OF ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 27 principles that define the rights and responsibilities of nations as they pursue sustainable development; • AGENDA 21 A Global Plan of Action for Sustainable Development. Five years later, in 1997 and in compliance with Agenda 21, the UN Conference on Sustainable Development (commonly referred to as ‘Rio Plus 5’) met to report on progress in implementing Agenda 21. The conference stressed that added momentum was needed in working towards sustainable development, especially in relation to climate change, biodiversity loss, desertification, and deforestation. S E C T I O N 2 2.1 An Outline of Agenda 21 Agenda 21 is an important document. It is the blueprint for worldwide action on environmental improvement. The original document is 700 pages long and the outline presented below is based on Agenda for Change, A Plain-Language Version of Agenda 21 and other Rio Agreements by Michael Keating, published by the Centre for our Common Future, Geneva.
UNIT 1: WHERE DO WE STAND? THE STATE OF THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT 031 Section one of Agenda 21 presents the social and economic dimensions for achieving sustainable development. It outlines broad strategies on: • International co-operation for trade liberalisation, harmonising environment policies and legislation, and providing financial and technical assistance to developing countries; • Combating poverty; • Consumption that promotes economic growth while reducing energy and material use and waste output; • Population strategies; • Improving human health; • Improving urban housing and transport, and controlling migration to urban areas. Section two, which covers the conservation and management of resources, outlines strategies for: S E C T I O N 2 • Protection of the atmosphere: control of greenhouse gases, ozonedepleting substances and other pollutants; • Land management; • Combating deforestation; • Combating desertification and drought; • Sustainable mountain development; • Sustainable agriculture and rural development; • Biodiversity conservation; • Biotechnology management; • Ocean protection and management; • Freshwater protection and management; • Safer use of toxic chemicals; • Hazardous waste management; • Solid waste and sewage management; • Radioactive waste management. Section three of Agenda 21 outlines strategies for ensuring that all social groups participate in and benefit from sustainable development. The major groups identified are women, children and youth, indigenous people, non-government organisations, local authorities, workers and trade unions, business and industry, scientists and technologists, and farmers. Section 4 covers the implementation of sustainable development and includes strategies for: • Financing sustainable development; • Technology transfer; • Increased scientific research into impacts and solutions; • Environment education, training and public awareness; • More effective international environment law; • Speeding up technological improvements; • Improving data collection and assessment, to provide accurate information for sustainable development.
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