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176 UNIT 5: THE SUSTAINABLE SITING, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF TOURISM FACILITIES For example, it takes more time for heat to move through brick than fibreboard. So a brick house with more thermal mass will yield more moderate changes in indoor temperature compared to the outside air, thus remaining cooler during the daytime and warmer at night, than a lightweight structure of fibreboard, which heats up and cools down more quickly. Thermal mass materials have the ability to conduct, store and release energy back into the living space when it is needed. Ideal mass materials for floors and walls include clay, adobe, concrete, brick, and rock. The ideal thickness for mass materials is 10-12cm. Heat always moves from a point of high temperature to a point of low temperature. During winter, sunlight first heats up the air. Since the mass floors and walls are cooler, the heat is absorbed and conducted into these materials. Later, when the sun has set and the room air temperature falls, the mass materials will be warmer than the room air temperature and stored heat will return to the room. During warmer periods it is important to reduce heat gain and increase ventilation. This can be done by employing various techniques such as: • Installing insulating curtains, moveable insulation , shutters and curtains in glass areas; • Landscaping with deciduous trees and vegetation to provide shading • Using light coloured low mass constructions such as ceilings and partition walls; • Installing overhangings on the south or north side (according to latitudes). 3.1.2 Daylighting Daylighting is a combination of energy conservation and passive solar design. It means making the best use of natural daylight to illuminate interiors. While all forms of vernacular architecture incorporate daylighting, most modern office buildings are deep-planned and rely heavily on electricity which can account for 30-40% of total delivered energy used. Although in winter heat from artificial lighting can contribute towards space heating, in summer it can cause overheating and increase the demand for air conditioning. Traditional daylighting techniques include: S E C T I O N 3 • Shallow plan design which allows light to penetrate all rooms and corridors; • Light wells in the centre of the building; • Roof lights; • Courtyards; • Tall windows which allow light to penetrate deep inside rooms; • The use of task lighting directly over the workplace instead of lighting the entire interior; • Deep window reveals and light room surfaces to decrease glare.
UNIT 5: THE SUSTAINABLE SITING, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF TOURISM FACILITIES 177 Modern variants on these include: • Glass panels; • Steerable mirrors and light shelves, which are reflective, horizontal shelves fixed along the inside or outside of windows, either along the windowsill or at the top. They reflect light inwards and upwards, enabling it to reach further inside the building; • Optical fibres; • Light monitors and light reflectors which can be used to operate skylights and window shades to increase or decrease the quantity of daylight entering the building. Admittedly, deep plan office buildings are advantageous in that they have a smaller surface area per unit volume than shallow-planed buildings and therefore require less energy to heat. Is this worth the sacrifice for the absence of daylight? There is no correct answer - compromises based on location specific conditions will have to be made. S E C T I O N 3 It should also be noted that inexpert day lighting will increase glare or gloom. When artificial lighting is needed, however, it should be turned off when adequate natural light is available. Automatic lighting control systems can be extremely cost-effective and reduce lighting-related energy costs by over 50%. Greenhouses, Conservatories and Atria Incorporating greenhouses, conservatories and atria on the south side of buildings when in the Northern hemisphere, and on the north side of buildings when in the Southern hemisphere can provide a habitable solar collector space, as the heated air will be carried over to the building. The building itself acts as an energy store. Adding such features to existing buildings can be expensive and difficult to justify in terms of energy savings alone. Rather, they should be incorporated as additional areas of unheated habitable space as these they only bring energy savings if they are unheated. In new buildings, however, they can be incorporated into the initial design at a significantly lower cost. Trombe Walls Named after their inventor Felix Trombe, Trombe walls consist of a glazing-encased thin airspace in front of a thermally massive wall. Sunlight first warms the air space and this heat is absorbed and conducted into the thermally massive wall. The heat in the wall is then radiated into the cooler building behind. Trombe wall are sometimes called ‘storage walls’, as they work as solar collectors with thermal storage areas immediately behind. Trombe Walls should be built on the angle of maximum solar exposure. They work best in sunnier climates. Since a larger part of the building needs to be hidden from the sun behind the thermally massive wall, careful design is needed to make sure that direct heat and daylight gains are not blocked out.
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sowing the seeds of change AN ENVIR
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ii Foreword It is with great pleasu
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iv About the Sponsors Le Ministère
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viii Table of Contents USER’S GUI
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