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018 UNIT 1: WHERE DO WE STAND? THE STATE OF THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT It is worrying to report that the world’s water crisis continues, as there is little integrated, mutually supportive action on water management, either within or beyond national boundaries. International Action to Reduce Water Pollution The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil, commonly referred to as the ‘Law of the Sea’ and signed in 1954, was the first international convention to address water pollution. Several annexes and protocols followed. Other international agreements on water include: • The Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea Against Pollution, Barcelona, 1976, and subsequent protocols; • The Convention for Co-operation in the Protection and Development of Marine and Coastal Environment of the West and Central Africa Region, 1981, and subsequent protocols; • The Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment and Coastal Areas of the South-East Pacific, Lima, 1981, and subsequent agreements; • The Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the Wide Caribbean Region, Cartegena de Indias, 1983, and subsequent agreements; • The Convention for the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution, Bucharest, 1992; • The Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities, Washington, 1995. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has played an important role in catalysing and organising regional agreements on marine pollution. It launched the Regional Seas Programme, which has now grown to cover ten Action Plans involving 120 countries. The Action Plans of the Regional Seas Programme cover the Mediterranean, Kuwait, West and Central Africa, the Caribbean, East Asia, the Southeast Pacific, the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, the South Pacific, Eastern Africa, and South Asia. Despite these efforts, it is worrying to report that the world’s water crisis continues, as there is little integrated, mutually supportive action on water management, either within or beyond national boundaries. 1.4 Biodiversity Loss Biodiversity is the basic resource that acts as the earth’s life support system. Soil formation, nutrient recycling, energy absorption, water purification, waste degradation and the continuation of natural bio-chemical cycles all depend on animals and plants. Biological systems are the culmination of billions of years of evolution. They maintain essential natural processes at no additional cost to us. Industrial and agricultural expansion, shifting and slash-and-burn cultivation, soil degradation, water and air pollution, poor land-use practices, the depletion of water sources, the con<strong>version</strong> of natural habitats to other uses, the introduction of non-native species and climate change are collectively causing the loss, fragmentation and degradation of habitats and biodiversity. The 1995 UNEP Global Biodiversity Assessment reports that species extinction is proceeding 50-100 times faster than the average expected natural rate. The drive for increasing agricultural yields is further reducing the genetic diversity of crop plants. Biodiversity protection is critical, as it is one of mankind’s most important resources. A few examples include: S E C T I O N 1
UNIT 1: WHERE DO WE STAND? THE STATE OF THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT 019 Known and estimated total numbers of species known number of species estimated total number of species Insects 950,000 8,000,000 Fungi 70,000 1,000,000 Arachnids 75,000 750,000 Nematodes 15,000 500,000 Viruses 5,000 500,000 Bacteria 4,000 400,000 Plants 250,000 300,000 Protozoans 40,000 200,000 Algae 40,000 200,000 Molluscs 70,000 200,000 Crustaceans 40,000 150,000 Vertebrates 45,000 50,000 World total (all groups) 1,700,000 12,500,000 Source: WCMC 1992 69 60 95 S E C T I O N 1 Threatened animal species number of species 360 320 280 240 200 160 120 80 40 0 33 80 150 59 102 192 mammals 263 birds 353 reptiles 76 amphibians 27 fishes 103 21 20 35 21 26 17 37 56 Latin America and the Caribbean critically endangered endangered vulnerable mammals 94 birds 84 14 39 19 41 26 39 reptiles 35 amphibians 27 3 12 20 fishes 190 35 39 116 8 2 17 North America mammals 23 birds 22 reptiles 8 3 7 13 2 20 4 2 2 amphibians 0 fishes 5 0 West Asia 5 mammals 289 63 63 birds 207 37 30 163 140 reptiles 48 amphibians 17 2 12 34 Africa 4 13 fishes 127 53 27 47 mammals 89 birds 53 7 23 59 6 7 40 reptiles 29 amphibians 12 19 33 52 11 8 10 8 22 Europe and Central Asia fishes 104 163 283 366 mammals 515 birds 521 reptiles 104 13 24 67 amphibians 47 8 16 23 Asia and the Pacific fishes 216 44 47 125 Source: WCMC/IUCN 1998 • Food; • Industrial and commercial products such as wood, cotton, jute, rubber and other resins, wool, hides, etc; • Wild plants and animals are an important source of drugs, analgesics, antibiotics, anticoagulants, and antiparasitics. 50% of all prescription drugs contain natural products; • The beauty and integrity of natural ecosystems such as mountains and forests are important tourism resources. In many countries ecosystems are more valuable as national parks or reserves than when turned into
Page 1 and 2: sowing the seeds of change AN ENVIR
Page 3 and 4: ii Foreword It is with great pleasu
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Page 7 and 8: vi Bass Hotels & Resorts Bass Hotel
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069 UNIT 4 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT S
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SECTION 1: AN INTRODUCTION TO ENVIR
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123 EMS STAGE 4: CONDUCTING THE EMS
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THE SUSTAINABLE SITING, DESIGN AND
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PARTING THOUGHTS 211 “Expand your
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RESOURCES 213 The following is a li
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215 Unit 4 Being Green Keeps You Ou
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217 Introduction of Environment Imp
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Our natural ecologies today are in
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