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190 UNIT 5: THE SUSTAINABLE SITING, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF TOURISM FACILITIES Examples of Good Practice At the Sånga Säby Hotel, Study and Conference Centre, Svartsjö, Sweden, since early 1996 all vehicles and boilers have been powered with rapeseed oil. In addition, all gardening equipment operates on rapeseed oil, apart from one lawnmower that is solar-powered. The objective is to replace bio-fuels with renewable energy in the long term. At the Central Romana Sugar Mill in the Dominican Republic, bagasse (the waste by-product left over after processing sugar-cane) is burnt in a large-scale cogeneration operation to produce more than 20 million watts of power for on-site energy needs and for nearby industries, hotels and residences. 3.1.4 Architectural Features to Reduce and Reuse Water This sub-section will consider: • Collection and use of rainwater; • Grey and black water (sewage) treatment and reuse; • Composting toilets. Rainwater Collection Rainwater from roofs, patios, driveways and other paved areas can be collected through a network of gutters and pipes and channelled into a cistern or a catchment basin. In larger buildings and areas where there is much rainfall, downspouts in gutters should be located every 20 feet (instead of the usual 40 feet) to ensure that they do not overflow. Catchment areas can be landscaped to look like ponds or marshes, which will increase the aesthetics of the landscaping effort. Rainwater can be used for irrigation as well as a number of in-house uses such as washing and flushing, in evaporative cooling equipment and, after purification, in swimming pools. S E C T I O N 3 Good Practice Tip Rainwater can contain many forms of impurities, especially in areas where rainfall is not frequent. If it is used for purposes other than irrigation, the quality of the water may need to be monitored. Grey Water Reuse The first consideration is to distinguish between grey water and black water. In hotels, grey water is wastewater from bathrooms, laundries and kitchens; black water is wastewater from toilets. Black water contains pathogens and almost 10 times more nitrogen than grey water. It therefore needs to go through a twoor-three-stage biological treatment process before it can be reused. Grey water treatment is less intensive and can safely be conducted on-site. The treated water can be used for irrigation, toilet flushing and other non-drinking uses. Over the last 10 years, a number of national water supply and plumbing regulations have been modified to accommodate the reuse of grey water. A suitable system is most easily incorporated into the initial design of properties, as separate drains
UNIT 5: THE SUSTAINABLE SITING, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF TOURISM FACILITIES 191 and septic tanks have to be built. In the case of existing buildings, the feasibility and costs of retrofitting drainage systems and tanks within the existing structure must be studied closely. Lower water bills and effluent disposal charges will offset investments. The level to which grey water needs to be treated will depend on the level of biological oxygen demand (BOD) of the wastewater and the purpose for which the water is to be reused. The level of BOD refers to n the level of oxygen extracted from the water by bacteria when the pollutants decompose. The more organic materials present in the wastewater, the higher the amount of oxygen needed to support the decomposition of the pollutants. In most hospitality businesses, grey water is reused for irrigation or flushing toilets. In this case, passing the wastewater through a sand filter may be sufficient. To maximise the efficiency of sand filters, it is important to minimise the suspended solids in the wastewater. Bathroom and laundry outlets should therefore be fitted with filters and grease traps should be added to kitchen outlets. But if the grey water is to be used for drinking purposes, it must go through a complete biological treatment process. S E C T I O N 3 Black Water or Sewage Treatment Hospitality businesses, especially in remote areas, coastal regions and on small islands, are sometimes required by law to build sewage-treatment facilities. Sewage is a mixture of suspended and dissolved organic matter. The strength of sewage effluent is described in terms of suspended solids (SS) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). Conventional sewage treatment is a 3-stage process: preliminary treatment, primary sedimentation and secondary (biological) treatment 4 . • During preliminary treatment, the effluent is passed through large screens which filter out the larger floating particles and objects. This does not significantly reduce the pollution load of the effluent, but makes it easier to treat, as the large particles, which can block and damage equipment, have been removed. • The next step is primary sedimentation. The effluent is piped into specially designed sedimentation tanks where the suspended solids are allowed to settle. The floating scum and the settled sludge is then removed. Over 55% of suspended solids are removed during primary sedimentation. • The effluent goes through a secondary biological treatment process, which involves a reactor containing micro-organisms which oxidise the pollutants. The effluent is then pumped into a secondary sedimentation tank in which the micro-organisms are separated from the final effluent. The treated effluent is then discharged into a watercourse. The treatment of sewage sludge (from the primary sedimentation and secondary biological treatment process) is an integral part of sewage treatment. Sewage sludge has an offensive odour and is a health hazard as it contains bacteria and pathogens. It requires anaerobic digestion treatment during which the organic matter present in the sludge is converted into methane (70%) and carbon dioxide. Anaerobically digested sludge is often further de-watered in lagoons prior to disposal at sea or as fertiliser on land. 4 Different terms may be used to describe the stages of wastewater treatment in different countries
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sowing the seeds of change AN ENVIR
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ii Foreword It is with great pleasu
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iv About the Sponsors Le Ministère
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vi Bass Hotels & Resorts Bass Hotel
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viii Table of Contents USER’S GUI
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x Unit 4: Environment Management Sy
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003 UNIT 1 WHERE DO WE STAND? THE S
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TOURISM, HOSPITALITY AND THE ENVIRO
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UNIT 3: ENVIRONMENT LAW, VOLUNTARY
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069 UNIT 4 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT S
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SECTION 1: AN INTRODUCTION TO ENVIR
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UNIT 4: ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT SYST
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