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006 UNIT 1: WHERE DO WE STAND? THE STATE OF THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT Measures of poverty Many millions of people still suffer from different forms of poverty; more than 1,300 million are ‘income-poor’ and have to live on less than US$1/day malnourished children people not expected to survive to age 40 people lacking health services illiterate adults people lacking safe water people who are income-poor millions 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 Source: UNDP 1997/Published in Global Environment Outlook 2000, UNEP Human development index UNDP’s Human Development Index is a composite index based on life expectancy, educational attainment and income HDI value 1994 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.38 Sub- Saharan Africa 0.65 East Asia 0.46 South Asia 0.67 Southeast Asia and the Pacific 0.64 Arab States 0.83 Latin America and the Caribbean 0.76 Eastern Europe and CIS 0.91 Industrial Countries 0.76 World S E C T I O N 1 Source: UNDP 1997/Published in Global Environment Outlook 2000, UNEP 1.1 Global Warming and Climate Change The earth’s atmosphere is getting warmer. The United Nations Environment Programme reports that the average global temperature, 15°C, has increased by 0.3° to 0.6° since the late 19th century, while thermal expansion of the oceans has caused sea levels to rise by 10 to 25cm in the same period. The 11 warmest years of this century have all occurred during the 1990’s, with 1997 being the warmest so far. Global warming, or the ‘greenhouse effect’, is a natural atmospheric feature. The earth’s surface absorbs radiation from the sun and re-radiates it into the atmosphere. Radiatively active gases, or ‘greenhouse’ gases, absorb some of this thermal radiation. If this did not occur, the earth’s average temperature would be minus 18ºC. Human industrial activities, however, are substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. This enhances the natural greenhouse effect, causing additional warming of the earth’s atmosphere. This is called ‘global warming’. The main gases that absorb thermal radiation and increase global warming are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), the CFCs, ozone (O3) and water vapour.
UNIT 1: WHERE DO WE STAND? THE STATE OF THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT 007 Anthropogenic sources of greenhouse gases GASES Carbon dioxide Methane Nitrous oxide CFCs 1 ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCES Fossil fuel burning for industrial activity, energy generation and vehicles Agriculture, biomass burning, gas drilling and transmission, landfill sites, coal mining Fossil fuel burning for industrial activity, energy generation and vehicles Used as refrigerants, propellants, and blowing and cleaning agents 1 CFCs also cause depletion of the ozone layer The Impacts of Global Warming S E C T I O N 1 Global carbon dioxide emissions 1,000 million tonnes CO2/year 25 20 15 10 5 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 Source: CDIAC 1999/Published in Global Environment Outlook 2000, UNEP Carbon dioxide emissions per capita tonnes/year Global carbon dioxide emissions continue to mount. Average annual increase over the past decade has been 1.3 per cent or nearly 300 million tonnes a year 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 19.93 19.11 8.78 7.93 7.35 1975 1995 Only in Europe have per capita emissions of carbon dioxide declined over the past 20 years. Emissions are much higher in North America than in other regions 4 2 4.88 2.03 2.55 1.27 2.23 0.94 1.24 0 North America Europe and Central Asia West Asia Latin America and the Caribbean Asia and the Pacific Africa Source: compiled by UNEP GRID Geneva from CDIAC 1998 and WRI, UNEP, UNDP and WB 1998/ Published in Global Environment Outlook 2000, UNEP
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PARTING THOUGHTS 211 “Expand your
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Our natural ecologies today are in
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