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028 UNIT 1: WHERE DO WE STAND? THE STATE OF THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT Ironically, the world’s most polluted cities are also important tourist attractions or ‘hubs’. • Particulate matter; • Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including hydrocarbons; • Metals, mainly cadmium, mercury and lead. Secondary pollutants are formed in the atmosphere through complex chemical reactions. The most widely known is tropospheric or ‘ground-level’ ozone, which is associated with urban smog. Nitrogen oxides and various hydrocarbons in the presence of sunlight set off a process of reactions that produce photochemical oxidants of which ground-level ozone is the most abundant. Hydrocarbons + NOx + sunlight = O3 and photochemical smog Air pollution is a major issue in all large urban areas worldwide. Apart from major pollution incidents in many industrialised cities, Beijing, Manila, Bangkok, Mexico City, Jakarta, Cairo, Buenos Aires, and Rio de Janeiro are joining the list of the most polluted urban centres in the world. Air pollutants likely to be found in all major urban areas are known as ‘criteria pollutants’. The concentration of these varies with the level of industrial activity, traffic density, climatic conditions, and the use of pollution-control technology. The World Health Organisation, the European Union and the United States Environment Protection Agency classify the following as criteria pollutants: • Carbon monoxide; • Nitrous oxide; • Sulphur dioxide; • Ground-level ozone; • PM-10 (particulate matter of diameter < 10micrometres, or black smoke); • Lead. Why Should the Tourism Industry be Concerned about Air Pollution? Ironically, the world’s most polluted cities are also important tourist attractions or ‘hubs’. Cities are also the key product of the ‘weekend break’ and ‘short-stay’ holiday markets. More and more tourists are also becoming concerned about urban air pollution. A 1997 EU ‘Eurobarometer’ survey showed that CLEAN AIE was a key criterion in choice of holiday destination. Reducing Air Pollution A major focus of national air quality improvement strategies is the establishment of air quality standards. There are two categories of air quality standards: standards for ambient air quality, and standards for industrial air emissions. Broadly speaking, the minimum limit for criteria pollutants would be 30 times the ambient air standard. This limit accounts for the potential of an emission to be diluted in the atmosphere. The ability of the surrounding air to dilute the emission depends on such factors as prevalent air quality, emission density and temperature, its flow rate, its source (including if it is stationary or mobile), weather conditions, etc. Clearly, the more polluted the surrounding air, the lower its capacity to dilute an emission. S E C T I O N 1
UNIT 1: WHERE DO WE STAND? THE STATE OF THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT 029 National air quality standards are periodically reviewed and modified. For example, black smoke (PM-10) used to be an air quality problem in winter, mainly because of the domestic coal fire. With the introduction of electric and gas-fired heating in homes and the use of clean coal technology in industrial power generation, PM-10 may well soon be dropped from the list of criteria pollutants in the EC. It however continues to be an issue in urban areas in Eastern Europe and other parts of the world. Environmental factors affecting health Polluted air Poor sanitation and waste disposal Polluted water or poor water management Polluted food Unhealthy housing Global environmental change Acute respiratory infections • • Diarrhoeal diseases • • • • Other infections • • • • Malaria and other • • • • vector-borne diseases Injuries and poisonings • • • • • S E C T I O N 1 Mental health conditions • Cardiovascular diseases • • Cancer • • • Chronic respiratory diseases • Source: WHO 1997a/ Published in Global Environment Outlook 2000, UNEP
Page 1 and 2: sowing the seeds of change AN ENVIR
Page 3 and 4: ii Foreword It is with great pleasu
Page 5 and 6: iv About the Sponsors Le Ministère
Page 7 and 8: vi Bass Hotels & Resorts Bass Hotel
Page 9 and 10: viii Table of Contents USER’S GUI
Page 11 and 12: x Unit 4: Environment Management Sy
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Page 17 and 18: 003 UNIT 1 WHERE DO WE STAND? THE S
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UNIT 4: ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT SYST
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THE SUSTAINABLE SITING, DESIGN AND
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PARTING THOUGHTS 211 “Expand your
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RESOURCES 213 The following is a li
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215 Unit 4 Being Green Keeps You Ou
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217 Introduction of Environment Imp
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Our natural ecologies today are in
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