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182 UNIT 5: THE SUSTAINABLE SITING, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF TOURISM FACILITIES winter, but the direction of flow is reversed. This technology takes advantage of the fact that the temperature in the ground varies less with the seasons than does the temperature of the atmosphere. As geothermal heat pumps use electricity to move heat and not generate it, they are extremely efficient and generate three to four times the amount of energy they consume. Buildings using this technology have lowered heating/cooling-related electricity consumption by 50-80%. Geothermal resources with temperatures as high as 648°F can be used to heat water as well as produce electricity. Large resources can be used to produce district heating. In Iceland for example, the entire city of Reykjavik is heated by geothermal energy. The USA, Switzerland, Austria, Germany, Sweden and Canada are pioneers in geothermal technology. Many hotels in these countries operate individual geothermal wells, and even use them to melt ice on driveways. In Sweden, the construction of two nuclear power plants has been abandoned in favour of geothermal technology. The geothermal heat pump (GHP) concept used to extract heat from the ground to supply a building. In the winter heat is removed from the earth and delivered in a concentrated form via the heat pump. Because electricity is used, in effect, to increase the temperature of the heat, not to produce it, the GHP can deliver three to four times more energy than it consumes. Source: Renewable Energy geothermal heat pump (heating, cooling, domestic hot water) ground loop - plastic pipe in drill hole S E C T I O N 3 Small Hydro Power Systems Water intake Ecowatt micro hydro-electric system Source: Working Group on Technology Electric Line Pipeline Generator Turbine Regulation System Tailwater
UNIT 5: THE SUSTAINABLE SITING, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF TOURISM FACILITIES 183 Catchment area Intake Headpond Weir How a small-scale hydro system works Source: EDSU/DTI Buried penstock Turbine house S E C T I O N 3 Tailrace Water flows from high to low points by the force of gravity. There is energy embodied in this flow of water, which hydroelectric power systems capture to produce electricity. Small hydropower systems produce less than 20 megawatts of electricity, while micro-hydro systems typically generate less than one megawatt of electricity. This technology is best used in tourism facilities in mountainous regions where gradient rivers and streams provide a continuous source of flowing water. The components of small hydro systems are the: • Dam or weir to block the flow of water in a stream and create a reservoir; • Feeder canal to allow water to flow from the source stream into the reservoir; • Reservoir, which holds the water between the feeder canal and the intake pipe; • Intake pipe connecting the reservoir and the powerhouse; • Powerhouse, which houses the turbine and other power producing and controlling equipment; • Outflow canal, which allows water to flow from the powerhouse and back into the source stream. Hydro-electricity is generated by water entering the intake at a higher level, and falling through a pipeline onto blades/buckets of a turbine located lower. The water (with most of its energy removed) then flows away from the turbine and is returned to the source stream.
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sowing the seeds of change AN ENVIR
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ii Foreword It is with great pleasu
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iv About the Sponsors Le Ministère
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vi Bass Hotels & Resorts Bass Hotel
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viii Table of Contents USER’S GUI
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x Unit 4: Environment Management Sy
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003 UNIT 1 WHERE DO WE STAND? THE S
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SECTION 1: THE STATE OF THE ENVIRON
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UNIT 1: WHERE DO WE STAND? THE STAT
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TOURISM, HOSPITALITY AND THE ENVIRO
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046 SECTION 4: THE NEED FOR ENVIRON
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055 UNIT 3 ENVIRONMENT LAW, VOLUNTA
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SECTION 1: AN INTRODUCTION TO ENVIR
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SECTION 2: VOLUNTARY INITIATIVES AN
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UNIT 3: ENVIRONMENT LAW, VOLUNTARY
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069 UNIT 4 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT S
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SECTION 1: AN INTRODUCTION TO ENVIR
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SECTION 2: DEVELOPING AND IMPLEMENT
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UNIT 4: ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT SYST
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123 EMS STAGE 4: CONDUCTING THE EMS
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SECTION 4: CASE STUDIES ON EMS IN H
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Page 238: Our natural ecologies today are in
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