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180 UNIT 5: THE SUSTAINABLE SITING, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF TOURISM FACILITIES Experience in Australia, the Mediterranean and the Caribbean show that the payback period for solar water heaters is usually 2-5 years. An important consideration is the price of the fuel-powered backup water heaters. Solar water heating systems are generally guaranteed for 10 years. 2 Other types of semiconductor materials such as amorphous silicon and cadmium telluride may also be used. Examples of Good Practice A solar thermal water-heating system provides St. Rose Hospital in San Antonio, Texas with up to 90% of its hot water needs, by using 5,000 square feet of flatplate solar collectors. The system can hold 9,000 gallons of heated water at once. It is estimated to save the hospital close to $17,000 a year compared to the alternative of using a steam boiler fired by fuel oil. The residents of a 20-storey condominium in Honolulu, Hawaii opted in 1984 to use solar energy to provide hot water because of the high price of oil. The system uses some fifty 48-square-inch flat-plate collectors to meet 70% of the hot water needs of the building. At the Youth Club in Hilo, Hawaii, 54 flat-plate 4-by-10-inch collectors covering the south roof of the building maintain the water in the swimming pool at 80°F. This is the largest system of its kind on the island. The system also supplies hot water to the locker-room showers. Photovoltaics (PV) As the name suggests, photovoltaic cells convert light into electricity. They are made of a semi-conductor material, typically crystalline silicon 2 , formed into thin wafers or ribbons. One side of the cell has a positive charge, the other side a negative. When sunlight hits the cell, the electrons on the positive side activate those on the negative side to produce an electric current. PV cells are electrically connected to each other, packaged in a transparent cover (usually glass or plastic), and encased in a watertight seal to form a panel or module. The panels are wired together to form a larger array, the size of which will depend on the power requirements of the user. PV can be used as a stand-alone system or a grid interface system. A stand-alone system consists of: • PV array; • Structure to mount the array; • Batteries to store power; • Converter to turn the stored direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) - most household appliances work on AC; • Electric cables that enable electricity to move between cells, batteries and usage points; • Backup diesel generators to ensure a reliable supply of energy when there is no sunlight. Grid interface systems do not store energy. Instead they supply PV-generated power to the grid when excess power is being produced (i.e. when the sun is shining), and use power from the grid when no energy is being produced. The interface between the PV system and the grid can be metered in such a way that when power is being supplied to the grid the meter will run backwards. When power is drawn from the grid, the meter will move forward in the usual manner. S E C T I O N 3
UNIT 5: THE SUSTAINABLE SITING, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF TOURISM FACILITIES 181 Mounting PV Cells PV only works when the sun is shining, so optimal exposure is crucial. The panels should face north when in the southern hemisphere and south when in the northern hemisphere, at about the angle of the latitude. The minimum angle is 20° from the north horizon (this will also enable the panels to be cleaned when it rains). For large installations it may be wise to invest in a tracker, which will move the panels according to sun patterns throughout the day. solar photovoltaic modules The main components of the PV system Source: Renewable Energy: Power for a Sustainable Future S E C T I O N 3 charge controller DC DC AC battery Key DC inverter AC = alternating current DC = direct current AC AC to consumers back-up diesel generator Example of Good Practice On Coconut Island, near Australia, the only electricity available to the 135 inhabitants came from diesel generators scattered throughout the community. But since 1987 a hybrid PV-diesel generating system has provided power at a level of quality and availability that rivals or exceeds that on the mainland. Geothermal Heat Pumps The Earth absorbs almost 50% of all solar energy, and maintains relatively cinstant temperatures of 50°F to 70°F depending on geographic location. GHP work by using the earth’s interior as a heat resource in the winter and a heat sink in the summer. The pumps are located inside the building, with its essential components - sealed plastic pipes - installed vertically in boreholes (30-100m deep) or horizontally in trenches, in which water or a refrigerant solution circulates. In winter, the heat pump extracts heat from the hot water or steam in the interior of the earth, brings it up through the water or antifreeze liquid that circulates inside the plastic pipes sunk in the ground, and transfers it inside the building. In summer, the pumps move heat from the building into the earth. The same plastic loop is used as in
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sowing the seeds of change AN ENVIR
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ii Foreword It is with great pleasu
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iv About the Sponsors Le Ministère
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vi Bass Hotels & Resorts Bass Hotel
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viii Table of Contents USER’S GUI
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x Unit 4: Environment Management Sy
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UNIT 1: WHERE DO WE STAND? THE STAT
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TOURISM, HOSPITALITY AND THE ENVIRO
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UNIT 3: ENVIRONMENT LAW, VOLUNTARY
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069 UNIT 4 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT S
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123 EMS STAGE 4: CONDUCTING THE EMS
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