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194 UNIT 5: THE SUSTAINABLE SITING, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF TOURISM FACILITIES 5 Xeriscaping is a registered trademark of the National Xeriscaping Council Inc. of Austin, Texas, USA. • Select new plants that are native species and will blend in with the existing ecosystem. • Design to promote the composting of kitchen and garden waste, dispensing with chemical fertilisers. • Make provisions for edible landscaping. Vegetable plots and orchards can be interesting and innovative landscape features; produce can be offered on the menu (as seasonal or home-grown specialities) and used for preserves and marmalades. • Experiment with permaculture, the growth of different types of fruit trees, vines and ground crops that support each other in a symbiotic manner. • Water in the evening or morning to reduce evaporation. Where water is scarce, use drought-resistant plant species. • Collect and use rainwater and grey water for irrigation. • Resist the temptation to create lawns on parts of the site where the natural vegetation was destroyed. Preserving and restoring vegetation will add landscape features and provide for a series of small lawns that are less resource-intensive to maintain. Xeriscaping® 5 ‘Xeriscaping’ means saving water through landscaping. It involves a range of techniques including soil improvement, plant selection and lawn areas that allow irrigation water requirements to be met by rainwater and natural water percolation in soils. Some Xeriscaping tips: • Plants with similar water requirements can be planted in groups or beds, and not scattered all over the area. This allows irrigation to be zoned according to the plants’ needs. • Slopes can be terraced to allow water to soak into the soil. Plants with the most water needs should be placed on gradients, which receive the most water. Raised beds should be avoided as they can dry out very quickly. • Plants that need a lot of water can be placed near buildings where they can be supplemented with wastewater from vehicle washing, kitchens or run-off from paved areas. • Stronger and more drought-tolerant plants should be exposed to prevailing winds: they will provide a buffer for more fragile species. S E C T I O N 3
UNIT 5: THE SUSTAINABLE SITING, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF TOURISM FACILITIES 195 3.2 Environment Considerations for the ‘Building Shell’ 3.2.1 Windows Windows can be used to enhance day lighting, control ventilation and humidity, provide pleasant views and make the building more attractive from the outside. There has been great improvement in the design of windows. Among the latest innovations are the diverse models of triple-paned windows, usually made of argon or krypton glass. Some models have low emissivity coatings, which allow varying levels of natural light (short-wave radiation) to enter, and prevent heat (long- wave infra-red radiation) from entering and leaving. It is therefore possible to select window models based on the orientation of buildings as well as the lighting, heating and cooling loads required. Windows with integrated PV cells are also available. Architects are working on varying the functions of windows through increasing use of skylights, vents, and glass roofing features, and on the innovative placement of windows in balance with interior and exterior doorways. S E C T I O N 3 3.2.2 Insulation Heat transfer through walls, floor and roof occurs through infiltration, conduction and radiation. Insulation is essential to minimise heat loss. Different types of insulation are discussed in Unit 4. Two points need to be reiterated: 1. The thickness of the insulation is crucial. Ensure at least 200mm for maximum efficiency. 2. The R-values should be a key consideration in the selection of insulation material. The R-value is a measure of thermal resistance. The higher the R-value, the greater the insulating properties. 3.2.3 Environment-Preferable Building Materials Environment-preferable building materials include: • Products that are stronger and more durable; • Environmentally-certified materials, such as timber carrying a ‘sustainable-felling stamp’; • Products with reduced toxicity such as low VOC 6 paints; • Materials made of recycled materials such as recycled glass insulation and roof systems; • Products with improved efficiency such as double-glazed and tripleglazed windows; • locally produced building materials, which are likely to have lower life cycle impacts owing to considerably shorter transport distances; ‘buying local’ also helps promote local industries; • Materials with a lower embodied energy; embodied energy is the total amount of energy needed to produce a given material - the energy needed to grow, log and shape timber, to mine, extract, refine and produce copper, aluminium, steel and concrete, to polymerise and manufacture plastics from petroleum, etc; • The American Institute of Architects provides the following recommendations: 6 VOCs are volatile organic compounds that can vaporise into the atmosphere. Examples include chlorine, vinyl chloride, benzine, lindane, dieldrin, and DDT. In Europe and North America, the emission of many VOCs is now regulated with guidelines and maximum-concentrationadmissible values.
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sowing the seeds of change AN ENVIR
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ii Foreword It is with great pleasu
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iv About the Sponsors Le Ministère
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vi Bass Hotels & Resorts Bass Hotel
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viii Table of Contents USER’S GUI
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x Unit 4: Environment Management Sy
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SECTION 1: THE STATE OF THE ENVIRON
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UNIT 1: WHERE DO WE STAND? THE STAT
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TOURISM, HOSPITALITY AND THE ENVIRO
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069 UNIT 4 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT S
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