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174 UNIT 5: THE SUSTAINABLE SITING, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF TOURISM FACILITIES Good Practice Tips • EIA is a combination of science and judgement: it is all about asking the ‘right’ questions; • Asking the right questions requires a good understanding of the natural environment; • Public consultation can be invaluable to bridge the gap between science and judgement. 2.4 Building Placement Once the site has been selected and ways to minimise environment impacts have been identified, the developer needs to determine where on the site the buildings should be placed: • They should be placed on the ecologically and culturally least interesting part of the site; • They can be placed and oriented according to annual sun cycles and shadow patterns from surrounding buildings, to optimise passive solar design potential; • They can be placed to maximise aesthetic views, but still provide privacy and security; • Placing should take advantage of natural land formations. For example: - Existing trees might be used to provide cooling and reduce solar gain in summer and increase it in winter; - The building might be terraced to suit natural grading patterns, rather than having the site flattened and levelled; an earth berm can be a valuable buffer against winds and facilitate passive solar design. S E C T I O N 2
SECTION 3: THE SUSTAINABLE DESIGN OF BUILDINGS 175 The sustainable design of buildings will be discussed under three broad, interdependent areas: 3.1 Architectural features 3.2 The ‘building shell’ 3.3 Providing for the use of resource-efficient technology, fittings and appliances during occupation 3.1 Architectural Features of Buildings S E C T I O N 3 3.1.1 Passive Solar Design Passive solar design means designing a building to take the best advantage of natural sunlight and airflow in order to create a comfortable, energy-efficient indoor environment. The idea is to plan the shape, interior, and layout of the building around the sun’s daily and seasonal cycles. Passive solar techniques that collect, move, and store or reduce light and heat through natural heat-transfer mechanisms like conduction and convection are not new, and have been used in vernacular architectural techniques all over the world. Building Orientation In cold climates, it is important to maximise heat gain. A building should be elongated on its east-west axis, with glazing and the areas needing the most heating facing south when in the Northern hemisphere, and facing north when in the Southern hemisphere. Areas that need less heating can be located on the other side. Overshadowing from surrounding buildings should be avoided to benefit from mid-winter sunshine. In hot climates, the goal is to reduce heat gain and increase airflow and cooling. The building should be elongated on an axis perpendicular to prevailing wind. Cross-ventilation can be maximised through the alignment of doors and windows. U-shaped buildings and interior courtyards greatly facilitate air movement. Broadleaf trees provide shading and reduce solar gain, as well as improving air quality and aesthetics. In temperate climes, solar gain needs be reduced in summer and increased in winter. An east-west elongated, rectangular building, with well-calculated roof overhangings (based on latitude, sun patterns, and climate) is the most suitable. Note: Inexpert passive solar design can make a building too hot or too cold, which can result in significant energy waste. Direct Gain Direct gain means allowing sunlight to penetrate a building to provide light and heat. The most essential requirement for direct gain is that the building be sufficiently ‘thermally massive’ to provide storage and to avoid overheating in the summer. If the building is thermally lightweight, the internal temperature will rise too high and the sunlight will be will be more of a nuisance than a gain.
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sowing the seeds of change AN ENVIR
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ii Foreword It is with great pleasu
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iv About the Sponsors Le Ministère
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vi Bass Hotels & Resorts Bass Hotel
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viii Table of Contents USER’S GUI
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x Unit 4: Environment Management Sy
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003 UNIT 1 WHERE DO WE STAND? THE S
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SECTION 1: THE STATE OF THE ENVIRON
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UNIT 1: WHERE DO WE STAND? THE STAT
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TOURISM, HOSPITALITY AND THE ENVIRO
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SECTION 1: AN INTRODUCTION TO ENVIR
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UNIT 3: ENVIRONMENT LAW, VOLUNTARY
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069 UNIT 4 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT S
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SECTION 2: DEVELOPING AND IMPLEMENT
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123 EMS STAGE 4: CONDUCTING THE EMS
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Page 238: Our natural ecologies today are in
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