Preventing Childhood Obesity - Evidence Policy and Practice.pdf

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Lessons from the control of other epidemics 14 Gilks CF , Crowley S , Ekpini R et al: The WHO public - health approach to antiretroviral treatment against HIV in resource - limited settings . Lancet 2006 ; 368 ( 9534 ): 505 – 510 . 15 Laurant M , Reeves D , Hermens R , Braspenning J , Grol R , Sibbald B : Substitution of doctors by nurses in primary care . Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005 ; 2 (Art. No.: CD001271). 16 McPherson K , Kersten P , George S et al: A systematic review of evidence about extended roles for allied health professionals . J Health Serv Res Policy 2006 ; 11 ( 4 ): 240 – 247 . 21
CHAPTER 3 Childhood o besity p revention o verview Ricardo Uauy, 1,2 Rishi Caleyachetty 3 and Boyd Swinburn 4 1 Nutrition and Public Health Intervention Research Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK 2 Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile 3 MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK 4 WHO Collaborating Centre for Obesity Prevention, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia Summary • The childhood obesity epidemic demands a concerted prevention effort from governments, international organizations, the private sector and civil society. • A life-course approach to preventing childhood obesity provides multiple opportunities for intervention and many childhood settings offer opportunities for access to children and parents. • Government policies are needed to provide the backbone for health promotion activities. • International agencies and multinational food companies have critical supporting roles to play. • Marketing of unhealthy foods to children is a multi - billion dollar commercial enterprise and these practices severely undermine the efforts of parents, governments and health and education professionals to provide a healthy environment for children. Introduction The rising prevalence of childhood obesity in most populations around the world is a matter of grave concern because the physical, psychological and social consequences of obesity in childhood are substantial. 1 The increase in the prevalence of obesity has been accompanied by a more rapid increase in the severity of obesity with more children becoming severely Preventing Childhood Obesity. Edited by E. Waters, B.A. Swinburn, J.C. Seidell and R. Uauy. © 2010 Blackwell Publishing. obese, indicating that obesity - related medical conditions will rise at least as rapidly as the overall obesity prevalence rate. Furthermore, as these children carry that risk of excess weight into adulthood, the impact of obesity on the management of chronic disease and disability will continue to grow as the epidemic gains momentum.2 The consequences of the obesity burden and related diseases include not only the known health consequences but also lost educational opportunity and lost economic contribution from the lost days of employment by an older adolescent, or by a parent or carer in the family if the child requires medical attention. Furthermore, there are many intangible costs such as the psycho - social consequences of obesity. 1 Since the early 1990s, the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children has increased in virtually every country of the world: in some it has doubled and in others it has tripled. 3 It is now recognized that there are many societal and environmental drivers of unhealthy weight gain 4,5 and yet most of the research efforts are directed at the individual level, particularly the genetic level, and most of the current prevention efforts center on education and social marketing approaches rather than underlying determinants. This is shown schematically in Figure 3.1 . This chapter provides an overview of some of the approaches to reducing the rapidly increasing epidemic of childhood obesity and calls for multiple interventions across the life course backed by a much greater focus on reversing some of the underlying drivers of the epidemic. We also examine one of the critical drivers of childhood obesity: food marketing that targets children. 22
Page 2: Preventing Childhood Obesity Eviden
Page 6 and 7: Preventing Childhood Obesity Eviden
Page 8 and 9: Contents Foreword, vii Contributors
Page 10: Foreword Obesity became a major hea
Page 13 and 14: Contributors Rob Carter PhD Head, H
Page 15 and 16: Contributors Shiriki Kumanyika PhD,
Page 18: Preface If we had all the evidence,
Page 22 and 23: CHAPTER 1 The c hildhood o besity e
Page 24 and 25: Childhood obesity epidemic Table 1.
Page 26 and 27: Childhood obesity epidemic explain
Page 28 and 29: Childhood obesity epidemic Table 1.
Page 30 and 31: Childhood obesity epidemic hepatiti
Page 32 and 33: Childhood obesity epidemic 15 Shiel
Page 34 and 35: CHAPTER 2 Lessons from the c ontrol
Page 36 and 37: Lessons from the control of other e
Page 38 and 39: Lessons from the control of other e
Page 42 and 43: Childhood obesity prevention overvi
Page 50 and 51: CHAPTER 4 No c ountry for f at c hi
Page 52 and 53: No country for fat children? Ethica
Page 60 and 61: A human rights approach to childhoo
Page 62 and 63: A human rights approach to childhoo
Page 64: A human rights approach to childhoo
Page 67 and 68: Part 2 community and government age
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 6 Questions Evidence needed
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 6 ioral determinants rather
Page 73 and 74: Chapter 6 These issues are particul
Page 75 and 76: Chapter 6 15 Carrel AL , Bernhardt
Page 77 and 78: Chapter 7 at the state level to app
Page 79 and 80: Chapter 7 prevention efforts, parti
Page 81 and 82: Chapter 7 interventions. This appro
Page 83 and 84: CHAPTER 8 Evidence of the i nfl uen
Page 85 and 86: Chapter 8 choices in adolescence, 1
Page 87 and 88: Chapter 8 itself is unlikely to res
Page 89 and 90: Chapter 8 20 Cullen K , Baranowski
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Chapter 9 meal frequency, decreased
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Chapter 9 were behavioral (parent -
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Chapter 9 changes regarding partici
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Chapter 9 36 Campbell KJ , Hesketh
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Chapter 10 condition obesity in chi
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Chapter 10 the release of energy an
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Chapter 10 whereas Flynn et al 25 a
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Chapter 10 11 Baranowski T : Advanc
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CHAPTER 11 Obesity p revention in s
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Chapter 11 translation (see Chapter
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Chapter 11 overweight and obesity r
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CHAPTER 12 The p revention of c hil
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Chapter 12 Selective prevention pro
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Chapter 12 Table 12.1 Recommendatio
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Chapter 12 Table 12.1 Continued Gui
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Chapter 12 short - and long - term
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Chapter 12 33 Woo KS , Chook P , Yu
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Chapter 13 There is a relatively sm
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Chapter 13 Modifying the b uilt e n
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Chapter 13 capacity to support chil
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Chapter 13 45 Staunton C , Hubsmith
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Chapter 14 Changes in the food envi
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Chapter 14 Promising interventions
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Chapter 14 10 USDA - ERS : Food CPI
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CHAPTER 15 Food and b everage m ark
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Chapter 15 Box 15.1 The findings of
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Chapter 15 Food, however, is not to
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Chapter 15 competitive analysis eac
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Chapter 15 behaviour: exploring the
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Chapter 16 pawn or sell possessions
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Chapter 16 obesity and that this ma
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Chapter 16 impact of this deprivati
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Chapter 16 10 Marin - Leon L , Sega
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CHAPTER 17 Socio - c ultural i ssue
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Chapter 17 The s ocio - c ultural e
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Chapter 17 with limited access and/
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Chapter 17 What else can be done to
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Chapter 17 55 Grier S , Kumanyika S
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Chapter 18 Ironically, these countr
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Chapter 18 key environmental factor
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Chapter 18 countries precludes the
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Chapter 18 7 Jafar TH , Qadri Z , I
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CHAPTER 19 Evaluation of c ommunity
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Evaluation of community-based obesi
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Page 184 and 185:
Page 186 and 187:
CHAPTER 20 Economic e valuation of
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Economic evaluation of obesity inte
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Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
CHAPTER 21 Monitoring of c hildhood
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Monitoring of childhood obesity Non
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Monitoring of childhood obesity Noo
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Monitoring of childhood obesity Tab
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Monitoring of childhood obesity 11
Page 204 and 205:
Knowledge translation and exchange
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Page 208 and 209:
Page 210 and 211:
Page 212 and 213:
The role of advocacy Why d o w e n
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The role of advocacy mate long - te
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The role of advocacy position put o
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The role of advocacy 6 Yach D , Haw
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Part 4 infrastructure, funding or r
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Chapter 24 by examining why policy
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Chapter 24 has privileged the manuf
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Chapter 24 case study is an analysi
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Chapter 24 by being highly visible
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CHAPTER 25 Developing the political
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Chapter 25 Involuntary: all society
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Chapter 25 Shiriki Kumanyika and co
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Chapter 25 The next steps Given the
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CHAPTER 26 Community i nterventions
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Chapter 26 Table 26.1 The health pr
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Chapter 26 consider and build on th
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Chapter 26 programs and messages be
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Chapter 26 Victoria, Australia. The
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Chapter 26 participants for appropr
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CHAPTER 27 Community c apacity b ui
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Chapter 27 level and macro - change
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Chapter 27 & Chomp ” where the co
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Chapter 27 Box 27.4 Excerpt from Go
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Chapter 27 Table 27.1 Capacity buil
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Chapter 27 38 Borys Jean - Michel :
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Chapter 28 Box 28.1 The EPODE progr
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Chapter 28 Figure 28.1 For parents:
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Chapter 28 Figure 28.2 Promoting ph
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Chapter 28 marketing, there is ofte
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Chapter 28 social problems. The art
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Chapter 29 length gain observed in
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Chapter 29 tissue deposition relate
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Chapter 29 A study in the USA found
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Chapter 29 7 Cole TJ , Bellizzi MC
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Chapter 29 environmental approaches
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Chapter 30 it all on their own, sin
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Chapter 30 Forty - three countries
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Chapter 30 Box 30.2 Elements of the
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Chapter 31 childhood obesity rates
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Chapter 31 became inactive or was t
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Chapter 31 healthy diets and portio
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CHAPTER 32 Working with m inority g
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Chapter 32 and reflect the circumst
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Chapter 32 inclusion and exclusion
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Chapter 32 3 Mercer SL , Vinney JD
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Chapter 33 % of total DALYs lost 2
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Chapter 33 Finally, within a given
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Chapter 33 urbanized and have aband
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Chapter 33 Box 33.1 Recommendations
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CHAPTER 34 Preventing c hildhood o
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Chapter 34 with a plateau in cigare
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Chapter 34 segments of the populati
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Index academic performance 11, 264
Page 319 and 320:
Index evidence-based and evidence-i
Page 321 and 322:
Index community-based 33, 58, 151,
Page 323 and 324:
Index parental support 67 PE 25, 81
Page 325:
Index Minnesota Heart Heath Project
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