Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Introduction to the Revised Editionixgraphics formatsgraphics tabletimage processingmedia center, homemultimediamusic and video distribution, onlinemusic and video players, digitalmusic, computeronline gamblingonline gamesphotography, digitalpodcastingPostScriptRSS (real simple syndication)RTF (Rich Text Format)sound file formatsstreaming (video or audio)Sutherland, Ivan Edwardvideo editing, digitalYouTubeHardware ComponentsCD-ROM and DVD-ROMflash driveflat-panel displayfloppy diskhard diskkeyboardmonitormotherboardnetworked storageoptical computingprinterspunched cards and paper tapeRAID (redundant array of inexpensive disks)scannertape drivesInternet and World Wide Webactive server pages (ASP)Ajax (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML)Andreessen, MarcBerners-Lee, Timblogs and bloggingbulletin board systems (BBS)Bush, Vannevarcascading style sheets (CSS)Cerf, Vinton G.certificate, digitalCGI (common gateway interface)chat, onlinechatterbotsconferencing systemscontent managementcookiesCunningham, Howard (Ward)cyberspace and cyber culturedigital cash (e-commerce)digital convergencedomain name system (DNS)eBaye-books and digital librariese-commercee-mailfile-sharing and P2P networksflash and smart mobHTML, DHTML, and XHTMLhypertext and hypermediaInternetInternet applications programmingInternet cafes and “hot spots”Internet organization and governanceInternet radioInternet service provider (ISP)Kleinrock, LeonardLicklider, J. C. R.mashupsNetiquettenetnews and newsgroupsonline researchonline servicesportalRheingold, Howardsearch enginesemantic Websocial networkingTCP/IPtexting and instant messaginguser-created contentvideoconferencingvirtual communityWales, JimmyWeb 2.0 and beyondWeb browserWeb camWeb filterWebmasterWeb page designWeb serverWeb serviceswikis and WikipediaWorld Wide WebxmLOperating Systemsdemonemulationfileinput/output (I/O)job control languagekernelLinuxmemorymemory managementmessage passingmicrosoft windowsMS-DOSmultiprocessing
Introduction to the Revised Editionmultitaskingoperating systemOS Xsystem administratorregular expressionRitchie, DennisshellStallman, RichardTorvalds, LinusUNIXOther Applicationsbioinformaticscars and computingcomputer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM)computer-aided instruction (CAI)distance educationeducation and computersfinancial softwaregeographical information systems (GIS)journalism and computerslanguage translation softwarelaw enforcement and computerslegal softwarelibraries and computinglinguistics and computingmap information and navigation systemsmathematics softwaremedical applications of computersmilitary applications of computersscientific computing applicationssmart buildings and homessocial sciences and computingspace exploration and computersstatistics and computingtypography, computerizedworkstationPersonal Computer ComponentsBIOS (Basic Input-Output System)boot sequencechipchipsetclock speedCPU (central processing unit)green PCIBM PClaptop computermicroprocessorpersonal computer (PC)PDA (personal digital assistant)plug and playsmartphonetablet PCProgram Language Conceptsauthoring systemsautomatic programmingassemblerBackus-Naur Form (BNF)compilerencapsulationfinite state machineflagfunctional languagesinterpreterloopmodeling languagesnonprocedural languagesontologies and data modelsoperators and expressionsparsingpointers and indirectionprocedures and functionsprogramming languagesqueuerandom number generationreal-time processingrecursionscheduling and prioritizationscripting languagesStroustrup, BjarnetemplateWirth, NiklausProgramming LanguagesAdaAlgolAPLawkBASICCC#C++CobolEiffelForthFORTRANJavaJavaScriptLISPLOGOLuaPascalPerlPHPPL/1PrologPythonRPGRubySimulaTclSmalltalkVBScriptSocial, Political, and Legal Issuesanonymity and the Internetcensorship and the Internet
Page 2 and 3: Encyclopedia ofComputer scienceand
Page 4 and 5: C on t e n t sAcknowledgmentsivintr
Page 6 and 7: I n t r od u c t ion to t h eR e v
Page 8 and 9: Introduction to the Revised Edition
Page 12: Introduction to the Revised Edition
Page 15 and 16: AdaAdaStarting in the 1960s, the U.
Page 17 and 18: Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)Image P
Page 19 and 20: Algolgrammar of the data-descriptio
Page 21 and 22: ALUdown into component parts or bui
Page 23 and 24: 10 Amdahl, Gene MyronShanahan, Fran
Page 25 and 26: 12 analog and digitalhistory, bring
Page 27 and 28: 14 Andreessen, MarcCompleted in 193
Page 29 and 30: 16 animation, computerAndreessen tr
Page 31 and 32: 18 APLAPL (a programming language)T
Page 33 and 34: 20 application program interfacerat
Page 35 and 36: 22 application softwareURL: http://
Page 37 and 38: 24 arrayIn languages such as C that
Page 39 and 40: 26 artificial intelligenceby tradit
Page 41 and 42: 28 artificial lifewriters such as V
Page 43 and 44: 30 Atanasoff, John VincentAtanasoff
Page 45 and 46: 32 authoring systemsway”—the se
Page 47 and 48: 34 awkthose found in C. There are a
Page 49 and 50: 36 backup and archive systemsthe ec
Page 51 and 52: 38 Backus-Naur formBackus-Naur form
Page 53 and 54: 40 basic input/output systemdecisio
Page 55 and 56: 42 Bell Laboratoriesand the early a
Page 57 and 58: 44 Bezos, Jeffrey P.use if it is to
Page 59 and 60: 46 bioinformaticsand a hierarchy of
Page 61 and 62:
48 biometricsvariety of biometric s
Page 63 and 64:
50 bitmapped imagesuch tasks as gra
Page 65 and 66:
52 blogs and bloggingThe shift oper
Page 67 and 68:
54 boot sequenceoperators (called B
Page 70 and 71:
oadbandTechnically, broadband refer
Page 72 and 73:
Brooks, Rodney 59such as Flickr and
Page 74:
ulletin board systems 61bugs and de
Page 79 and 80:
66 CTotal = Total + 1;Total += 1;To
Page 81 and 82:
68 C++While attracted to the advant
Page 83 and 84:
70 calculatorthe location of the ca
Page 85 and 86:
72 cascading style sheetsMojave Des
Page 87 and 88:
74 CD-ROM and DVD-ROM“rapid proto
Page 89 and 90:
76 censorship and the InternetIn 20
Page 91 and 92:
78 central processing unitcentral p
Page 93 and 94:
80 CGIIn a newly emerging sector th
Page 95 and 96:
82 characters and stringsAs compute
Page 97 and 98:
84 chess and computersOne of the be
Page 99:
86 chipsetattached to the silicon s
Page 103 and 104:
90 clock speedSinclair, Joseph T.,
Page 105 and 106:
92 codecMurcah, Mike, Anne Prince,
Page 107 and 108:
94 COMcommon object request broker
Page 109 and 110:
96 compilersuch as a keyword (reser
Page 111 and 112:
98 computer-aided design and manufa
Page 113 and 114:
100 computer crime and securitycomp
Page 115 and 116:
102 computer forensicsa device proc
Page 117 and 118:
104 computer graphicsthe same time,
Page 119 and 120:
106 computer industryso on). By cre
Page 121 and 122:
108 computer industrypackages serve
Page 123 and 124:
110 computer virus• What is the b
Page 125 and 126:
112 computer visionsense on the par
Page 127 and 128:
114 conferencing systemsFeldman, Mi
Page 129 and 130:
116 cookiesunlike most traditional
Page 131 and 132:
118 CORBA“activation” or “val
Page 133 and 134:
120 CraigslistMano, M. Morris, and
Page 135 and 136:
122 CRMtasks can be assigned to dif
Page 137 and 138:
124 cyberneticsMany issues regardin
Page 139 and 140:
126 cyberstalking and harassmentThe
Page 141 and 142:
DdataToday the term data is associa
Page 143 and 144:
130 database administrationsignal m
Page 145 and 146:
132 database management systemMicro
Page 147 and 148:
134 data compressionlocal network,
Page 149 and 150:
136 data securityparticular purpose
Page 151 and 152:
138 data typeswhile a list has one
Page 153 and 154:
140 Dell, Inc.User Interface—The
Page 155 and 156:
142 design patternsdesign patternsD
Page 157 and 158:
144 device driverOne Laptop per Chi
Page 159 and 160:
146 digital cashcould be worked bac
Page 161 and 162:
148 digital dashboardThe ownership
Page 163 and 164:
150 Dijkstra, Edsger W.discs. A big
Page 165 and 166:
152 disaster planning and recoveryT
Page 167 and 168:
154 distributed computingAnother wa
Page 169 and 170:
156 DNSCSCUCVCXCYCZDEDJDKDMDODZECEE
Page 171 and 172:
158 documentation of program codewi
Page 173 and 174:
160 document modelSociety for Techn
Page 175 and 176:
162 DRMresearchers. For example, Al
Page 177 and 178:
164 DVRMPEG file) that is fully com
Page 179 and 180:
166 e-books and digital librariesha
Page 181 and 182:
168 e-commerceRemington Rand. Worki
Page 183 and 184:
170 education and computersApplicat
Page 185 and 186:
172 e-governmentlenges face educati
Page 187 and 188:
174 Electronic Artsteaching softwar
Page 189 and 190:
176 e-maillanguages. However this c
Page 191 and 192:
178 employment in the computer fiel
Page 193 and 194:
180 encapsulationconsist of a combi
Page 195 and 196:
182 Engelbart, DouglasEngelbart, Do
Page 197 and 198:
184 entrepreneurs in computinganaly
Page 199 and 200:
186 error correctionSalvendy, Gavri
Page 201 and 202:
188 expert systemsAnatomy of an Exp
Page 203 and 204:
190 Feigenbaum, Edwardhttp://hissa.
Page 205 and 206:
192 file serverdata integrity. Vers
Page 207 and 208:
194 film industry and computingImpl
Page 209 and 210:
196 firewallcontrolled by a state t
Page 211 and 212:
198 flash and smart mobs(or even pr
Page 213 and 214:
200 flowchartused to hold data. The
Page 215 and 216:
202 FORTRANearly days of microcompu
Page 217 and 218:
204 fuzzy logicdefining and arrangi
Page 219 and 220:
206 Gates, William, IIIGame console
Page 221 and 222:
208 Geographical Information System
Page 223 and 224:
210 Google• downward wage pressur
Page 225 and 226:
212 government funding of computer
Page 227 and 228:
214 graphics formatsof objects so t
Page 229 and 230:
216 grid computingoff. By 2000, vir
Page 231 and 232:
218 Grove, Andrew S.Cavalancia, Nic
Page 233 and 234:
220 handwriting recognitionand othe
Page 235 and 236:
222 hard disk• remote surgery, wh
Page 237 and 238:
224 health, personalTo search a has
Page 239 and 240:
226 history of computingFurther Rea
Page 241 and 242:
228 history of computingThe most st
Page 243 and 244:
230 home officeFacing vigorous comp
Page 245 and 246:
232 HTML, DHTML, and XHTMLFurther R
Page 247 and 248:
234 hypertext and hypermediaImpleme
Page 249 and 250:
236 IBM PCFurther ReadingBashe, Cha
Page 251 and 252:
238 identity theftfrom meetings to
Page 253 and 254:
240 information retrievalinvasion o
Page 255 and 256:
242 information warfareShannon foun
Page 257 and 258:
244 installation of softwareinstall
Page 259 and 260:
246 internationalization and locali
Page 261 and 262:
248 Internettransmission of a messa
Page 263 and 264:
250 Internet censorshipDunaev, Serg
Page 265 and 266:
252 interpreterconsidered to be ISP
Page 267 and 268:
JJavaJava is a computer language si
Page 269 and 270:
256 JavaScriptIn 2006 Sun Microsyst
Page 271 and 272:
258 Jobs, Steven Paulan enthusiasti
Page 273 and 274:
260 journalism and the computer ind
Page 275 and 276:
262 Joy, Billwho will be unable to
Page 277 and 278:
264 kernelcould send a message to t
Page 279 and 280:
266 knowledge representationattende
Page 281 and 282:
268 Kurzweil, RayFurther ReadingFre
Page 283 and 284:
LLAN See local area network.languag
Page 285 and 286:
272 laptop computerapplications for
Page 287 and 288:
274 Lessig, Lawrencepleadings and o
Page 289 and 290:
276 library, programadditional copi
Page 291 and 292:
278 linguistics and computingIn his
Page 293 and 294:
280 LISPA Linux system running Open
Page 295 and 296:
282 list processinga rich variety o
Page 297 and 298:
284 Logoa checksum, and two special
Page 299 and 300:
286 LuaNext CharValHere Char$ is a
Page 301 and 302:
288 macroMacDailyNews. Available on
Page 303 and 304:
290 mainframeMaes has participated
Page 305 and 306:
292 map information and navigation
Page 307 and 308:
294 mashupsbefore you buy” softwa
Page 309 and 310:
296 Mauchly, John WilliamMoving fro
Page 311 and 312:
298 measurement units used in compu
Page 313 and 314:
300 medical applications of compute
Page 315 and 316:
302 memory managementTom’s Hardwa
Page 317 and 318:
304 microprocessorMicroprocessor de
Page 319 and 320:
306 Microsoft .NETbrowser had broug
Page 321 and 322:
308 Microsoft WindowsIntroduced in
Page 323 and 324:
310 middlewareBott, Ed, Carl Sieche
Page 325 and 326:
312 minicomputer“How Military Rob
Page 327 and 328:
314 Mitnick, Kevin D.———. “
Page 329 and 330:
316 molecular computingdevice could
Page 331 and 332:
318 Moore, Gordon E.only one gun, w
Page 333 and 334:
320 Motorola CorporationMotorola Co
Page 335 and 336:
322 multimediaa maximum of 640 kB o
Page 337 and 338:
324 multitasking“local” memory
Page 339 and 340:
326 music and video distribution, o
Page 341 and 342:
328 music and video players, digita
Page 343 and 344:
330 natural language processingplac
Page 345 and 346:
332 Net Neutrality• Do not post b
Page 347 and 348:
334 networkGoogle Groups, is the be
Page 349 and 350:
336 neural networkwebmd.com/stroke/
Page 351 and 352:
338 numeric dataselect customer whe
Page 353 and 354:
340 object-oriented programmingPARC
Page 355 and 356:
342 Omidyar, Pierreprovided for typ
Page 357 and 358:
344 online advertisingnew structure
Page 359 and 360:
346 online gamblingand agencies suc
Page 361 and 362:
348 online investingThe close and g
Page 363 and 364:
350 online servicesand drugs. The s
Page 365 and 366:
352 open-source movementopen-source
Page 367 and 368:
354 operators and expressionsOperat
Page 369 and 370:
356 optical computingA more general
Page 371 and 372:
PPage, Larry(1973- )AmericanEntrepr
Page 373 and 374:
360 parallel porthis work. Papert l
Page 375 and 376:
362 PascalLevine, John R., Tony Mas
Page 377 and 378:
364 PDATheodoridis, Sergios, and Ko
Page 379 and 380:
366 personal computerConway, Damian
Page 381 and 382:
368 personal information managercom
Page 383 and 384:
370 phishing and spoofing“Phishin
Page 385 and 386:
372 PHPeach of the three RGB colors
Page 387 and 388:
374 Plug and PlayImpact of the Lang
Page 389 and 390:
376 pointers and indirectionA point
Page 391 and 392:
378 popular culture and computingHo
Page 393 and 394:
380 presentation softwareDeclineBy
Page 395 and 396:
382 printersarray of magnetically c
Page 397 and 398:
384 procedures and functionsagencie
Page 399 and 400:
386 programming as a professioncalc
Page 401 and 402:
388 programming languagesprogrammer
Page 403 and 404:
390 PrologGiven the scope and pace
Page 405 and 406:
392 punched cards and paper tapepun
Page 407 and 408:
Qquality assurance, softwareModern
Page 409 and 410:
396 queueIn an empty queue, the hea
Page 411 and 412:
RRAID (redundant array of inexpensi
Page 413 and 414:
400 recursionand with the potential
Page 415 and 416:
402 regular expressioncompetitive a
Page 417 and 418:
404 reverse engineeringA similar ap
Page 419 and 420:
406 RFIDParts of an RFID system. De
Page 421 and 422:
408 risks of computingHafner, Katie
Page 423 and 424:
410 roboticsMac. The MIT computer s
Page 425 and 426:
412 RPGHenderson, Harry. Modern Rob
Page 427 and 428:
414 Rubya file, as with many script
Page 429 and 430:
416 satellite Internet serviceFurth
Page 431 and 432:
418 science fiction and computingre
Page 433 and 434:
420 scientific computing applicatio
Page 435 and 436:
422 search engineuseful tools for m
Page 437 and 438:
424 semantic WebSearch Engine Watch
Page 439 and 440:
426 Shannon, Claude E.Service-orien
Page 441 and 442:
428 shellPC-Write as a full-feature
Page 443 and 444:
430 Simonyi, Charlestests for the p
Page 445 and 446:
432 singularity, technologicalToget
Page 447 and 448:
434 smart buildings and homesThis m
Page 449 and 450:
436 smartphonestore a hundred or mo
Page 451 and 452:
438 SOAPPogue, David. iPhone: The M
Page 453 and 454:
440 social networkingThere continue
Page 455 and 456:
442 software agentLife could be stu
Page 457 and 458:
444 software piracy and counterfeit
Page 459 and 460:
446 sorting and searching• Discma
Page 461 and 462:
448 sound file formatsapproach, and
Page 463 and 464:
450 Spafford, Eugene H.and computer
Page 465 and 466:
452 spreadsheetSpeech recognition b
Page 467 and 468:
454 SQLFurther Reading“Antispywar
Page 469 and 470:
456 stackstackOften a temporary sto
Page 471 and 472:
458 Stoll, CliffordCharles Babbage
Page 473 and 474:
460 structured programmingsuited fo
Page 475 and 476:
462 supply chain managementApplicat
Page 477 and 478:
464 system administratorsystem admi
Page 479 and 480:
Ttablet PCAs the name suggests, a t
Page 481 and 482:
468 TclHaylor, Phil. Computer Stora
Page 483 and 484:
470 technical supportIPv6 Informati
Page 485 and 486:
472 technology policyDuring the 198
Page 487 and 488:
474 telepresence• elimination of
Page 489 and 490:
476 text editortyping commands into
Page 491 and 492:
478 touchscreencode. This would mea
Page 493 and 494:
480 trends and emerging technologie
Page 495 and 496:
482 Turkle, SherryFurther ReadingHe
Page 497 and 498:
Uubiquitous computingTraditionally
Page 499 and 500:
486 USB% who | awk ' { print $1 }'H
Page 501 and 502:
488 user groupsGarofoli, Joe. “Us
Page 503 and 504:
VvariableVirtually all computer pro
Page 505 and 506:
492 videoconferencingconsequence wa
Page 507 and 508:
494 virtualizationused as an expres
Page 509 and 510:
496 VoIPtank crews and even individ
Page 511 and 512:
498 von Neumann, JohnJohn von Neuma
Page 513 and 514:
WWales, Jimmy(1966- )AmericanIntern
Page 515 and 516:
502 Web 2.0 and beyond“Web 2.0”
Page 517 and 518:
504 webcamabout a 75 percent market
Page 519 and 520:
506 Web page design• fluency in t
Page 521 and 522:
508 Web servicesWhen a user types i
Page 523 and 524:
510 Wiener, Norbertcomplexity . . .
Page 525 and 526:
512 wikis and WikipediaWiki softwar
Page 527 and 528:
514 Wirth, NiklausMobile Wireless N
Page 529 and 530:
516 word processingto promote netwo
Page 531 and 532:
518 World Wide WebBy the beginning
Page 533 and 534:
XXMLSeveral markup languages have b
Page 535 and 536:
YY2K problemSherlock Holmes once re
Page 537 and 538:
524 YouTube• excessive time spent
Page 539 and 540:
526 Zuse, Konradneeded would make t
Page 541 and 542:
528 Appendix IRed Herring: The Busi
Page 543 and 544:
530 Appendix IIing company (CTR) in
Page 545 and 546:
532 Appendix II• Users of the new
Page 547 and 548:
534 Appendix II••ibm developed
Page 549 and 550:
536 Appendix II• Bill Gates and P
Page 551 and 552:
538 Appendix II• A consortium cal
Page 553 and 554:
540 Appendix II• Apple released o
Page 555 and 556:
Appendix IIISome Significant Awards
Page 557 and 558:
544 Appendix III1993 Juris Harmanis
Page 559 and 560:
546 Appendix III1972 Paul E. Dirkse
Page 561 and 562:
548 Appendix IIIJohn W. BackusRober
Page 563 and 564:
550 Appendix IIIsity of Manchester
Page 565 and 566:
552 Appendix IIIthereby enhancing A
Page 567 and 568:
554 Appendix IVInternational Webmas
Page 569 and 570:
556 IndexAnalytical Engine 35-36, 3
Page 571 and 572:
558 Indexdata communications over13
Page 573 and 574:
560 Indexgraphics in 106, 194haptic
Page 575 and 576:
562 IndexDertouzos, Michael L. 141D
Page 577 and 578:
564 IndexFFacebook 16, 440-441, 487
Page 579 and 580:
566 IndexIDNA (Internationalizing D
Page 581 and 582:
568 Indexin open-source movement352
Page 583 and 584:
570 IndexMinard, Joseph 239mind 92-
Page 585 and 586:
572 IndexOnStar 71ontologies and da
Page 587 and 588:
574 Indexin object-orientedprogramm
Page 589 and 590:
576 Indexsequential calculator 5ser
Page 591 and 592:
578 Indexterminals in 475-476user i
Page 593:
580 Indexdatabases in 132developmen
show all

Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?