Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology

534 Appendix II••ibm developed the first floppy disk drive.Seymour Papert introduced Logo, a Lisp-like language thatwould be used to teach children programming conceptsintuitively.A chess program written by Richard Greenblatt of MIT,Mac Hack IV, achieved the playing skill of a strong amateurhuman player.Fred Brooks did early experiments in computer-mediatedsense perception, laying groundwork for virtual reality.••1968• Edsger Dijkstra’s little letter entitled “GO TO ConsideredHarmful” argued that the GOTO or “jump” statement madeprograms hard to read and more prone to error. The resultingdiscussion gave impetus to the structured programmingmovement. Another aspect of this movement was theintroduction of the term software engineering.• Robert Noyce, Andrew Grove, and Gordon Moore foundedIntel, the company that would come to dominate themicroprocessor industry by the early 1980s.• ibm introduced the System/3, a lower-cost computer systemdesigned for small businesses.• Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN) was awarded a governmentcontract to build “interface message processors” orIMPs to translate data between computers linked overpacket-switched networks.• Alan Kay prototyped the Dynabook, a concept that ledtoward both the portable computer and the graphicaluser interface.• Stanley Kubrick’s movie 2001 introduced Hal 9000, theself-aware (but paranoid) computer that kills members of adeep-space exploration crew.1969• Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie began work on theunix operating system. It will feature a small kernel thatcan be used with many different command shells, and willeventually incorporate hundreds of utility programs thatcan be linked to perform tasks.• Edgar F. Codd introduced the concept of the relational systemthat would form the foundation for most modern databasemanagement system.• ibm was sued by the U.S. Department of Justice for antitrustviolations. The voluminous case would finally be dropped in1982. However, government pressure may have led the computergiant to finally allow its users to buy software fromthird parties, giving a major boost to the software industry.• ARPANET is officially launched. The first four nodes of theARPANET came online, prototyping what would eventuallybecome the Internet.• SRI researchers developed Shakey, the first mobile robotthat could “see” and respond to its environment. The actualcontrol computer was separate, however, and controlled therobot through a radio link.• Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin successfully made thefirst human landing on the Moon, despite problems with theonboard Apollo Guidance Computer.• The first automatic teller machine (ATM) was put in service.1970• Gene Amdahl left ibm to found Amdahl Corporation, whichwould compete with IBM in the mainframe “clone” market.• An Intel Corporation team led by Marcian E. Hoff began todevelop the Intel 4004 microprocessor.• Digital Equipment Corporation announced the PDP-11, thebeginning of a series of 16-bit minicomputers that will supporttime-sharing computing in many universities.• John Conway’s “Game of Life” popularized cellularautomata.• The ACM held its first all-computer chess tournament inNew York City. Northeastern University’s Chess 3.0 toppedthe field of six programs competing.• Charles Moore began writing programs to demonstrate theversatility of his programming language Forth.• Xerox Corporation established the Palo Alto Research Center(PARC). This laboratory will create many innovations ininteractive computing and the graphical user interface.1971•••Niklaus Wirth formally announced Pascal, a small, wellstructuredlanguage that will become the most popularlanguage for teaching computer science for the next twodecades.The IEEE Computer Society was founded.The ibm System/370 series ushered in a new generation ofmainframes using densely packed integrated circuits forboth cpu and memory.1972• Dennis Ritchie and Brian Kernighan developed c, a compactlanguage that would become a favorite for systems programming,particularly in unix.• The creation of an e-mail program for the ARPANETincluded the decision to use the at (@) key as part of e-mailaddresses.• Alan Kay developed Smalltalk, building upon SIMULAto create a powerful, seamless object-oriented programminglanguage and operating system. The language wouldeventually be influential although not widely used. Kay alsoprototyped the Dynabook, a notebook computer, but Xeroxofficials showed little interest.• Seymour Cray left CDC and founded Cray Research todevelop new supercomputer.• Intel introduced the 8008, the first commercially available8-bit microprocessor.• The 5.25-inch diskette first appeared. It would become amainstay of personal computing until it was replaced by themore compact 3.5-inch diskette in the 1990s.• Nolan Bushnell’s Atari Corp. had the first commercial computergame hit, Pong. It and its beeping cousins would soonbecome an inescapable part of every parent’s experience.1973• Alain Colmerauer and Philippe Roussel at the University ofMarseilles developed Prolog (Programming in Logic), alanguage that could be used to reason based upon a stored