Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology

576 Indexsequential calculator 5serial IDE (SATA) 223serial numbers 117–118serial port 360, 425, 486serial transmission 133serif fonts 201server 89, 133. See also file server;Web serverserver message block (SMB) 335service broker 426service bureaus 64service-oriented architecture (SOA)110, 415, 425–426, 509service robot 183, 410servlets 255session layer 334SETI@home 116–117, 155, 217, 462sets 67, 184–185set theory 87, 351Seven Cities of Gold (game) 174sexual content, in chat rooms 83SGI (Silicon Graphics) 122SGML (Standard GeneralizedMarkup Language) 232, 520Shakey 411Shamir, Adi 146, 181Shannon, Claude E. 84, 103, 241,404, 426, 426–427, 463SHARE 373shareware and freeware 104, 293–294, 352, 427–428Shaw, Cliff 162sheet-fed scanner 416shell 110, 354, 421, 428–430, 485,488Shell, Donald L. 447shellsort 447shift operators 51shift-register algorithm 399Shimomura, Tsutomu 314Shockley, William 42, 85, 404Shockwave 20Sholes, Christopher Latham 265Shor, Peter 395Short Message Service (SMS) 477SHRDLU 27, 187Shuttlesworth, Mark 279Sidekick (Borland) 368sign 338signal conditioning circuit129–130signal processors 178signatures. See authentication;certificate, digitalsignificand 338silicon 85Silicon Graphics (SGI) 122Silicon Snake Oil (Stoll) 458Sim City 103Simon 463Simon, Herbert 26, 33, 85, 93, 162,190, 295Simonyi, Charles 430–431Simple API for SML (SAX) 161Simple Mail Transport Protocol(SMTP) 177, 177, 247Simple Object Access Protocol 1,118, 438, 508–509, 520Sims, The (game) 174, 441Simula 88, 263, 339–340, 431, 459simulation 431–432. See alsoemulation; virtualizationanalog computers in 14biological 47, 47in CAD system 98of cognition 92–93in decision support systems139fractals used in 203GIS in 208haptic interfaces for 222military use of 311in Nintendo Wii 205random number generationfor 399in scientific applications 420Simula for 431Smalltalk for 434in social sciences 441in virtual reality 271virtual reality and 495–496simulation games 103simultaneous processing 431singularity, technological 269,432–433Singularity Is Near, The (Kurzweil)269, 433site licenses 244SixDegrees.com 440Sketchpad 263, 463Skoll, Jeff 165, 343Skype 87, 496–497Slashdot 260, 480slide rule 13slides 380Slot-1 chipset architecture 86small businesses 195Small Computer System Interface(SCSI) 63, 197, 223, 335Small Office/Home Office (SOHO)230–231Smalltalk 88, 228, 263–264, 340,389, 431, 433–434smart buildings and homes 107,434–435, 435smart card 405, 435, 435–436smart cars 71–72smart mobs 198, 407, 477Smart Mobs (Rheingold) 198, 407smartphone 436–438, 437. See alsomobile computingin computer industry 108in computing history 229distance education on 154GPS in 293“hot spots” and 250iPhone 19, 147, 258keyboards and 265multimedia on 147music playback on 327PDAs and 364podcasts on 375touchscreens on 478SMB (server message block) 335SMP (symmetric multiprocessing)323SMS (Short Message Service) 477SMTP (Simple Mail TransferProtocol) 177, 177, 247sneaker-net 200Sneakers (film) 378sniping 31Snobol 82–83Snow, John 239SOA (service-oriented architecture)110, 415, 425–426, 509SOAP 1, 118, 438, 508–509, 520social bookmarking 294. See alsodel.icious.ussocial bots 83–84, 442, 481social engineering 100, 220, 314,370social impact of computing438–440in computer literacy 109Dertouzos on 141of digital photography 372of e-government 172–173Lanier on 272of online identity 237–238Shannon’s work on 427smart mobs 407virtual worlds and 348webcams in 504of World Wide Web 517social networking 440–441cyberbullying and 126cyberstalking and 126in globalization 209in intelligence agencies 119in Internet growth 248for job-hunting 349persistence of postings 332political activism and 377software agents and 289in software engineering 74support groups and 367technological singularityand 433user-created content in 487as virtual community 494in Web 2.0 502World Wide Web and 518by young people 523social sciences and computing441–442social security numbers 408Socialtext 501social virtualization 494–495social worlds 104society of mind 237, 313, 314, 442Society of Mind, The (Minsky) 237,313, 336Socket 7 chipset architecture 86sockets 469Softbank 407software. See application softwaresoftware agents 442–443artificial intelligence in 27demons and 141globalization and 209Maes’s work in 289at MIT Media Lab 314natural language processingin 330ontologies in 351in personal informationmanagers 368psychology and 391in semantic Web 424for spam 451technological singularityand 433Web 2.0 and 503Software Agents Group 289software applications. Seeapplication softwaresoftware asset management (SAM)244software crisis 443software engineering 22, 443,443–444with Ada 2benchmarks in 43blogging in 53CASE for 73, 73–74compatibility and 94–95computer engineering and101in computer science 109Cunningham’s work in 122under Defense Department2documenting in 159employment in 178emulators in 179flowcharting in 200of games 104with intentionalprogramming 430patterns used in 142professional programmingin 386quality assurance and394–395reverse engineering 404–405risk and 408Wirth on 514Software Engineering Institute(SEI) 444software installation 244software piracy and counterfeiting444–445. See also copyprotection; intellectual propertyand computingapplication service providersand 21copy protection and 117–118,246digital rights managementand 149–150in global market 108, 210by hackers 219–220policy on 472Software Publishers Association(SPA) 117software suite. See application suitesoftware testing 61, 109, 186,394–395, 408, 444, 464SOHO (Small Office/Home Office)230–231Sojourner 449Solaris 461solar power 42solid state computer 227Sony 108, 150, 445–446Sony ACID Pro 326Sony PlayStation 2 205Sony PlayStation 3 108, 205sorting and searching 109, 240–241, 401, 402, 446–448sound cards 326sound file formats 448–449source bits 51source code 95, 158SPA (Software PublishersAssociation) 117space exploration and computers45, 358, 410, 410, 449–450Space Invaders (game) 205Space Shuttle 449Spacewar 103Spafford, Eugene H. 450spam 17, 111, 332, 384, 450–451spambots 83spam filters 41, 117, 370, 451SPARC (Scalable ProcessorARChitecture) 402, 460–461,517speakers 326specialized applications 22specification 444spectral equivalence classes 452speech recognition and synthesis451–452artificial intelligence for 27for assistive devices 268Bell Labs and 42keyboards and 265Kurzweil’s work in 268, 269language translation with271military use of 311neural networks in 337in user interfaces 489Sperry-Rand (Sperry-Univac)Corporation 30, 106, 168, 227,297spiders 422spiral model 444, 444Spirit rover 449spiritual aspects of computing.See philosophical and spiritualaspects of computing