Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology

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Appendix IBibliographies and Web ResourcesThe following selections provide reference material andresources to supplement the Further Reading selections atthe conclusion of the majority of entries in this book.Print Resources2008 Software Industry Directory. Greenwood Village, Colo.:Webcom Communications, 2007.Bidgoli, Hassan, ed. The Internet Encyclopedia. New York: Wiley,2003.Cortada, James W. Historical Dictionary of Data Processing. 3vols. New York: Greenwood Press, 1987.Daintith, John, and Edmund Wright. The Facts On File Dictionaryof Computer Science. Rev. ed. New York: Facts On File,2006.De Palma, Paul, ed. Annual Editions: Computers in Society 08/09.Guilford, Conn.: McGraw-Hill/Dushkin, 2007.Downing, Douglas, Michael Covington, and Melody MauldinCovington. Dictionary of Computer and Internet Terms. 9thed. Hauppauge, N.Y.: Barron’s, 2006.Hackett, Edward J. et al., eds. The Handbook of Science and TechnologyStudies. 3rd ed. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2007.Henderson, Harry. A to Z of Computer Scientists. New York: FactsOn File, 2003.Knee, Michael. Computer Science and Computing: A Guide to theLiterature. Greenwich, Colo.: Libraries Unlimited, 2005.Lee, John A. N. International Biographical Dictionary of ComputerPioneers. New York: Routledge, 1995.Lubar, Stephen. InfoCulture: The Smithsonian Book of InformationAge Inventions. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1993.McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology. 10th ed. NewYork: McGraw-Hill, 2007.Sun Technical Publications. Read Me First!: A Style Guide for theComputer Industry. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: PrenticeHall, 2003.Web ResourcesAbout.com. “Computing and Technology.” Available online.URL: http://about.com/compute/. Accessed December 6,2007.Academic Info: Computer Science & Computer Engineering.Available online. URL: http://www.academicinfo.net/compsci.html. Accessed December 6, 2007.ACM Computing Reviews. Available online. URL: http://www.reviews.com/home.cfm. Accessed December 6, 2007.ACM Digital Library. Available online. URL: http://portal.acm.org/dl.cfm. Accessed December 6, 2007.ACM Tech. News. Available online. URL: http://technews.acm.org/current.cfm. Accessed December 7, 2007.Ars Technica. Available online. URL: http://arstechnica.com/.Accessed December 6, 2007.ClickZ Stats. Available online. URL: http://www.clickz.com/stats/. Accessed December 6, 2007.Cnet. Available online. URL: http://www.cnet.com. AccessedDecember 6, 2007.Collection of Computer Science Bibliographies. Available online.URL: http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/. AccessedDecember 7, 2007.Computer Dictionaries, Acronyms, and Glossaries. Availableonline. URL: http://www.compinfo-center.com/tpdict-t.htm.Accessed December 6, 2007.Computer History Museum. Available online. URL: http://www.computerhistory.org/. Accessed December 6, 2007.Connected: An Internet Encyclopedia. Available online. URL:http://freesoft.org/CIE/. Accessed December 7, 2007.FOLDOC (Free On-Line Dictionary of Computing). Availableonline. URL: http://foldoc.org/. Accessed December 7,2007.How Stuff Works. Available online. URL: http://www.howstuffworks.com/.Accessed December 6, 2007.IDG (International Data Group). Available online. URL: http://www.idg.net/. Accessed December 7, 2007.IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. Available online.URL: http://www.computer.org/annals/. Accessed December6, 2007.InfoWorld. Available online. URL: http://www.infoworld.com.Accessed December 6, 2007.Internet News. Available online. URL: http://www.internetnews.com/. Accessed December 6, 2007.Pew/Internet. Available online. URL: http://www.pewinternet.org. Accessed December 6, 2007.527
528 Appendix IRed Herring: The Business of Technology. Available online. URL:http://www.redherring.com/pages/pagenotfound/. AccessedDecember 7, 2007.Slashdot. Available online. URL: http://slashdot.org. AccessedDecember 6, 2007.Smithsonian Institution. Science and Technology Division,Information Technology. Available online. URL: http://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/science_and_technology/Information_Technology.htm. Accessed December 6, 2007.Webopedia. Available online. URL: http://www.webopedia.com/.Accessed December 6, 2007.Wikipedia. Available online. URL: http://en.wikipedia.org.Accessed December 6, 2007.Yahoo! Finance. Available online. URL: http://biz.yahoo.com.Accessed December 7, 2007.Yahoo! Science: Computer Science. Available online. URL:http://dir.yahoo.com/Science/Computer_Science/. AccessedDecember 6, 2007.ZDNet. Available online. URL: http://www.zdnet.com. AccessedDecember 7, 2007.
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Encyclopedia ofComputer scienceand
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C on t e n t sAcknowledgmentsivintr
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I n t r od u c t ion to t h eR e v
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Introduction to the Revised Edition
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AdaAdaStarting in the 1960s, the U.
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Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)Image P
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Algolgrammar of the data-descriptio
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ALUdown into component parts or bui
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10 Amdahl, Gene MyronShanahan, Fran
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12 analog and digitalhistory, bring
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14 Andreessen, MarcCompleted in 193
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16 animation, computerAndreessen tr
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18 APLAPL (a programming language)T
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20 application program interfacerat
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22 application softwareURL: http://
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24 arrayIn languages such as C that
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26 artificial intelligenceby tradit
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28 artificial lifewriters such as V
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30 Atanasoff, John VincentAtanasoff
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32 authoring systemsway”—the se
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34 awkthose found in C. There are a
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36 backup and archive systemsthe ec
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38 Backus-Naur formBackus-Naur form
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40 basic input/output systemdecisio
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42 Bell Laboratoriesand the early a
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44 Bezos, Jeffrey P.use if it is to
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46 bioinformaticsand a hierarchy of
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48 biometricsvariety of biometric s
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50 bitmapped imagesuch tasks as gra
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52 blogs and bloggingThe shift oper
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54 boot sequenceoperators (called B
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oadbandTechnically, broadband refer
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Brooks, Rodney 59such as Flickr and
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ulletin board systems 61bugs and de
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66 CTotal = Total + 1;Total += 1;To
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68 C++While attracted to the advant
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70 calculatorthe location of the ca
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72 cascading style sheetsMojave Des
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74 CD-ROM and DVD-ROM“rapid proto
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76 censorship and the InternetIn 20
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78 central processing unitcentral p
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80 CGIIn a newly emerging sector th
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82 characters and stringsAs compute
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84 chess and computersOne of the be
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86 chipsetattached to the silicon s
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90 clock speedSinclair, Joseph T.,
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92 codecMurcah, Mike, Anne Prince,
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94 COMcommon object request broker
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96 compilersuch as a keyword (reser
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98 computer-aided design and manufa
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100 computer crime and securitycomp
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102 computer forensicsa device proc
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104 computer graphicsthe same time,
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106 computer industryso on). By cre
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108 computer industrypackages serve
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110 computer virus• What is the b
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112 computer visionsense on the par
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114 conferencing systemsFeldman, Mi
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116 cookiesunlike most traditional
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118 CORBA“activation” or “val
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120 CraigslistMano, M. Morris, and
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122 CRMtasks can be assigned to dif
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124 cyberneticsMany issues regardin
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126 cyberstalking and harassmentThe
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DdataToday the term data is associa
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130 database administrationsignal m
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132 database management systemMicro
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134 data compressionlocal network,
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136 data securityparticular purpose
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138 data typeswhile a list has one
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140 Dell, Inc.User Interface—The
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142 design patternsdesign patternsD
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144 device driverOne Laptop per Chi
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146 digital cashcould be worked bac
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148 digital dashboardThe ownership
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150 Dijkstra, Edsger W.discs. A big
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152 disaster planning and recoveryT
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154 distributed computingAnother wa
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156 DNSCSCUCVCXCYCZDEDJDKDMDODZECEE
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158 documentation of program codewi
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160 document modelSociety for Techn
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162 DRMresearchers. For example, Al
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164 DVRMPEG file) that is fully com
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166 e-books and digital librariesha
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168 e-commerceRemington Rand. Worki
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170 education and computersApplicat
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172 e-governmentlenges face educati
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174 Electronic Artsteaching softwar
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176 e-maillanguages. However this c
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178 employment in the computer fiel
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180 encapsulationconsist of a combi
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182 Engelbart, DouglasEngelbart, Do
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184 entrepreneurs in computinganaly
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186 error correctionSalvendy, Gavri
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188 expert systemsAnatomy of an Exp
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190 Feigenbaum, Edwardhttp://hissa.
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192 file serverdata integrity. Vers
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194 film industry and computingImpl
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196 firewallcontrolled by a state t
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198 flash and smart mobs(or even pr
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200 flowchartused to hold data. The
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202 FORTRANearly days of microcompu
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204 fuzzy logicdefining and arrangi
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206 Gates, William, IIIGame console
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208 Geographical Information System
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210 Google• downward wage pressur
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212 government funding of computer
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214 graphics formatsof objects so t
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216 grid computingoff. By 2000, vir
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218 Grove, Andrew S.Cavalancia, Nic
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220 handwriting recognitionand othe
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222 hard disk• remote surgery, wh
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224 health, personalTo search a has
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226 history of computingFurther Rea
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228 history of computingThe most st
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230 home officeFacing vigorous comp
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232 HTML, DHTML, and XHTMLFurther R
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234 hypertext and hypermediaImpleme
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236 IBM PCFurther ReadingBashe, Cha
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238 identity theftfrom meetings to
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240 information retrievalinvasion o
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242 information warfareShannon foun
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244 installation of softwareinstall
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246 internationalization and locali
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248 Internettransmission of a messa
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250 Internet censorshipDunaev, Serg
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252 interpreterconsidered to be ISP
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JJavaJava is a computer language si
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256 JavaScriptIn 2006 Sun Microsyst
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258 Jobs, Steven Paulan enthusiasti
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260 journalism and the computer ind
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262 Joy, Billwho will be unable to
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264 kernelcould send a message to t
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266 knowledge representationattende
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268 Kurzweil, RayFurther ReadingFre
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LLAN See local area network.languag
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272 laptop computerapplications for
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274 Lessig, Lawrencepleadings and o
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276 library, programadditional copi
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278 linguistics and computingIn his
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280 LISPA Linux system running Open
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282 list processinga rich variety o
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284 Logoa checksum, and two special
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286 LuaNext CharValHere Char$ is a
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288 macroMacDailyNews. Available on
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290 mainframeMaes has participated
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292 map information and navigation
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294 mashupsbefore you buy” softwa
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296 Mauchly, John WilliamMoving fro
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298 measurement units used in compu
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300 medical applications of compute
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302 memory managementTom’s Hardwa
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304 microprocessorMicroprocessor de
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306 Microsoft .NETbrowser had broug
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308 Microsoft WindowsIntroduced in
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310 middlewareBott, Ed, Carl Sieche
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312 minicomputer“How Military Rob
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314 Mitnick, Kevin D.———. “
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316 molecular computingdevice could
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318 Moore, Gordon E.only one gun, w
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320 Motorola CorporationMotorola Co
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322 multimediaa maximum of 640 kB o
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324 multitasking“local” memory
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326 music and video distribution, o
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328 music and video players, digita
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330 natural language processingplac
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332 Net Neutrality• Do not post b
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334 networkGoogle Groups, is the be
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336 neural networkwebmd.com/stroke/
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338 numeric dataselect customer whe
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340 object-oriented programmingPARC
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342 Omidyar, Pierreprovided for typ
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344 online advertisingnew structure
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346 online gamblingand agencies suc
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348 online investingThe close and g
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350 online servicesand drugs. The s
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352 open-source movementopen-source
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354 operators and expressionsOperat
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356 optical computingA more general
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PPage, Larry(1973- )AmericanEntrepr
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360 parallel porthis work. Papert l
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362 PascalLevine, John R., Tony Mas
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364 PDATheodoridis, Sergios, and Ko
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366 personal computerConway, Damian
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368 personal information managercom
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370 phishing and spoofing“Phishin
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372 PHPeach of the three RGB colors
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374 Plug and PlayImpact of the Lang
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376 pointers and indirectionA point
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378 popular culture and computingHo
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380 presentation softwareDeclineBy
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382 printersarray of magnetically c
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384 procedures and functionsagencie
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386 programming as a professioncalc
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388 programming languagesprogrammer
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390 PrologGiven the scope and pace
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392 punched cards and paper tapepun
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Qquality assurance, softwareModern
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396 queueIn an empty queue, the hea
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RRAID (redundant array of inexpensi
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400 recursionand with the potential
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402 regular expressioncompetitive a
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404 reverse engineeringA similar ap
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406 RFIDParts of an RFID system. De
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408 risks of computingHafner, Katie
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410 roboticsMac. The MIT computer s
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412 RPGHenderson, Harry. Modern Rob
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414 Rubya file, as with many script
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416 satellite Internet serviceFurth
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418 science fiction and computingre
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420 scientific computing applicatio
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422 search engineuseful tools for m
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424 semantic WebSearch Engine Watch
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426 Shannon, Claude E.Service-orien
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428 shellPC-Write as a full-feature
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430 Simonyi, Charlestests for the p
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432 singularity, technologicalToget
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434 smart buildings and homesThis m
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436 smartphonestore a hundred or mo
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438 SOAPPogue, David. iPhone: The M
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440 social networkingThere continue
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442 software agentLife could be stu
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444 software piracy and counterfeit
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446 sorting and searching• Discma
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448 sound file formatsapproach, and
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450 Spafford, Eugene H.and computer
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452 spreadsheetSpeech recognition b
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454 SQLFurther Reading“Antispywar
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456 stackstackOften a temporary sto
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458 Stoll, CliffordCharles Babbage
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460 structured programmingsuited fo
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462 supply chain managementApplicat
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464 system administratorsystem admi
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Ttablet PCAs the name suggests, a t
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468 TclHaylor, Phil. Computer Stora
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470 technical supportIPv6 Informati
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472 technology policyDuring the 198
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474 telepresence• elimination of
Page 489 and 490: 476 text editortyping commands into
Page 491 and 492: 478 touchscreencode. This would mea
Page 493 and 494: 480 trends and emerging technologie
Page 495 and 496: 482 Turkle, SherryFurther ReadingHe
Page 497 and 498: Uubiquitous computingTraditionally
Page 499 and 500: 486 USB% who | awk ' { print $1 }'H
Page 501 and 502: 488 user groupsGarofoli, Joe. “Us
Page 503 and 504: VvariableVirtually all computer pro
Page 505 and 506: 492 videoconferencingconsequence wa
Page 507 and 508: 494 virtualizationused as an expres
Page 509 and 510: 496 VoIPtank crews and even individ
Page 511 and 512: 498 von Neumann, JohnJohn von Neuma
Page 513 and 514: WWales, Jimmy(1966- )AmericanIntern
Page 515 and 516: 502 Web 2.0 and beyond“Web 2.0”
Page 517 and 518: 504 webcamabout a 75 percent market
Page 519 and 520: 506 Web page design• fluency in t
Page 521 and 522: 508 Web servicesWhen a user types i
Page 523 and 524: 510 Wiener, Norbertcomplexity . . .
Page 525 and 526: 512 wikis and WikipediaWiki softwar
Page 527 and 528: 514 Wirth, NiklausMobile Wireless N
Page 529 and 530: 516 word processingto promote netwo
Page 531 and 532: 518 World Wide WebBy the beginning
Page 533 and 534: XXMLSeveral markup languages have b
Page 535 and 536: YY2K problemSherlock Holmes once re
Page 537 and 538: 524 YouTube• excessive time spent
Page 539: 526 Zuse, Konradneeded would make t
Page 543 and 544: 530 Appendix IIing company (CTR) in
Page 545 and 546: 532 Appendix II• Users of the new
Page 547 and 548: 534 Appendix II••ibm developed
Page 549 and 550: 536 Appendix II• Bill Gates and P
Page 551 and 552: 538 Appendix II• A consortium cal
Page 553 and 554: 540 Appendix II• Apple released o
Page 555 and 556: Appendix IIISome Significant Awards
Page 557 and 558: 544 Appendix III1993 Juris Harmanis
Page 559 and 560: 546 Appendix III1972 Paul E. Dirkse
Page 561 and 562: 548 Appendix IIIJohn W. BackusRober
Page 563 and 564: 550 Appendix IIIsity of Manchester
Page 565 and 566: 552 Appendix IIIthereby enhancing A
Page 567 and 568: 554 Appendix IVInternational Webmas
Page 569 and 570: 556 IndexAnalytical Engine 35-36, 3
Page 571 and 572: 558 Indexdata communications over13
Page 573 and 574: 560 Indexgraphics in 106, 194haptic
Page 575 and 576: 562 IndexDertouzos, Michael L. 141D
Page 577 and 578: 564 IndexFFacebook 16, 440-441, 487
Page 579 and 580: 566 IndexIDNA (Internationalizing D
Page 581 and 582: 568 Indexin open-source movement352
Page 583 and 584: 570 IndexMinard, Joseph 239mind 92-
Page 585 and 586: 572 IndexOnStar 71ontologies and da
Page 587 and 588: 574 Indexin object-orientedprogramm
Page 589 and 590: 576 Indexsequential calculator 5ser
Page 591 and 592:
578 Indexterminals in 475-476user i
Page 593:
580 Indexdatabases in 132developmen
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