Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology

Index 565PageRank algorithm of 57,210, 211, 423, 480phone platform from 437searching with 423in social networking 441Yahoo! and 523YouTube and 524Google Apps 21, 107, 211, 217,294, 306Google Book Search 167, 211Google Docs & Spreadsheets 21,107, 211, 294, 517Google Earth 211, 292–293Google Groups 333–334Google Language Tools 271Google Maps 211, 292–293, 294,423Google News 211Google Pack 21Google Product Search 211Gopher 248, 518Gosling, James 255“GO TO Considered Harmful”(Dijkstra) 151Gouraud shading 106government 49, 76, 172–173, 181,250, 436government funding of computerresearch 212–213, 404, 462, 472GPL3 (General Public License)150, 352, 457, 478GPS (Global Positioning System)209, 364, 384Grand Theft Auto series 104graphical user interface. See userinterfacegraphics. See computer graphicsgraphics card 213, 213–214BIOS and 49–50chipset for 86games and 104in IBM PC 236in I/O processing 243in laptops 272microprocessor for 305on motherboard 319in PCs 322performance of 106Graphics Device Interface (GDI)308graphics engine 105–106graphics formats 94, 214–215graphics interchange format (GIF)94, 134, 214graphics modeling 105–106graphics tablet 215, 215graphing calculators 71Gray, Elisha 525greedy algorithm 8green, in RGB 93greenhouse emissions 216green PC 101, 215–216Greiner, Helen 60, 253grid computing 87, 155, 216–217,494Grokster 246groupware 217–218Grove, Andrew S. 218, 318GSM (Global System of MobileCommunications) 436, 514GUI. See user interfaceGulf War 242Gulliver’s Travels (Swift) 418Gutmans, Andi 372HHackers (Levy) 482hackers and hacking 219–220. Seealso computer crime; securityof application serviceproviders 21banking and 39copy protection and 246in cyber culture 125IBM and 235Mitnick and 314in open-source movement352in popular culture 378Stallman and 456Stoll and 458of voting systems 176hacktivism 127hafnium 86HAL 9000 (character) 59Halo (game) 306Halting problem 97Hamming Code 186Handbook of Artificial Intelligence(Feigenbaum, ed.) 190hand geometry 48handheld scanner 416handwriting recognition 220–221,221, 466, 489hanging chads 175, 392Hannibal (robot) 56haptic interfaces 221–222harassment 100, 126, 248, 252,523hard disk 222, 222–223BIOS and 49bits in 50in boot sequence 55for data backup 37development of 404for file servers 192in game consoles 205in IBM PC 236in information retrieval 240in laptops 272tape drives and 467for virtual memory 302hardware 95, 137, 240, 245Harvard Mark I 5, 61, 231, 498Harvey, Brian 285hashing 24, 223–224, 240, 365,448hash sort 448Haskell language 204Hawking, Stephen 151Hawkins, Trip 174Hayek, F. A. 500Hazen, Harold 510HD-DVD 75HDTV 75head-mounted display (HMD)496, 501health, personal 300–301, 367–368, 436heap 24, 224heapsort 447hearing damage, from musicplayers 327heat 101, 305Heinlein, Robert 98Hellman, Martin 145, 180“Hello World” 67Help America Vote Act 176help desks 108HelpMate (robot) 183, 410HelpMate Robotics, Inc. 183help systems 224–225, 233, 308,471. See also technical supportheuristic 8Heuristic Compiler 33Hewlett-Packard (HP) 16, 237, 258hexadecimal system 225–226high-level language 29, 227,252–253, 278, 288, 337. See alsoC (language); C++ (language);FORTRANhigh-speed Internet. See broadbandHigh Tech Heretic (Stoll) 458highway system, automated 71–72Hilbert, David 87Hillis, Daniel 461history (Web browser) 234history of computing 226–229HMD (head-mounted display)496, 501Hoare, Anthony 33Hoare, C. A. R. 447Hoff, Marcian E. “Ted” 304,318–319Holberton, Betty 515Holland, John 28Hollerith, Herman 229–230, 458Homebrew Computer Club 18,366, 488, 519home business schemes 345Homeland Security 119, 136home media center 299home office 230–231Honeywell 297Hopper, Grace Murray 90, 231,231–232, 515hospital information systems (HIS)299HotBits 399Hot Plug 63“hot spots” 58, 250, 250Howard, John H. 63HP (Hewlett-Packard) 16, 237, 258HTML (Hypertext MarkupLanguage) 232, 232–233. Seealso DHTML; XHTMLCGI and 80–81in document formatting 342for help systems 225for hypertext 233for Internet applicationsprogramming 249with Java 255with JavaScript 256for presentations 381Web browsers and 503in Web page design 507for World Wide Web 518XML and 520HTTP (HyperText TransferProtocol) 157–158, 233, 438,503, 508, 518Huffman coding 134human-computer symbiosis 139,277, 391human genome 46human mind, modeling 92–93Human Use of Human Beings, The(Wiener) 511HVAC, in smart buildings 434hybrid cars 71Hypercard 32, 99, 122, 233, 322hypermedia 233–234. See alsomultimediaHyperterminal 476hypertext 233–234Bush and 63in computer history 229Engelbart’s work on 182in help systems 225multimedia and 322for World Wide Web 43in World Wide Web 518II18n 246–247IAD (Internet addiction disorder)391IBM (International BusinessMachines) 235–236Amdahl at 10Apple and 258in computing history 227Deep Blue and 85FORTRAN developed at 202government funding of 212hafnium chips by 86Hollerith and 230IAS computer and 499Java and 255mainframes by 290, 290marketing of 106Mark I underwritten by 5McCarthy at 297in office automation 341optical hybrid chip by 356parallel interface by 360patents owned by 245popular culture and 378research of 404RPG at 412supercomputers of 462tape format of 467word processor and 516X10 at 324IBM/360 227, 235, 290, 290, 323IBM/370 235, 290IBM/390 290IBM MVS JCL 257IBM PC 236–237. See also PCclonesApple II and 18, 258boot sequence for 54–55bus in 62in computing history 228in education 99in IBM business 235introduction of 366keyboard of 265Macintosh and 287market entry of 106–107microprocessors in 304, 319monitor for 318operating system for 107,206, 305, 307, 321processors for 4, 218reverse engineering of 405standards and 457word processing on 516Ibuka, Masaru 445IC. See integrated circuitICANN (Internet Corporation forAssigned Names and Numbers)17, 158, 251ICCP (Institute for Certification ofComputing Professionals) 80Icon 83icons 247ICT (Information andCommunication Technologies)Task Force 251ICYou.com 368IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics)223Identification division 91identity fraud 238identity in the online world 17,124, 125, 237–238, 391, 482, 524identity theft 100, 238–239. Seealso computer crime; onlinefraud and scamsbiometrics and 49credit card use and 146data security and 137by hackers 220information collection in384Internet growth and 248phishing in 369, 370policy on 472risk and 408spyware in 453with viruses 111ideographs 82