Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology

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Introduction to the Revised Editionviienterprise computingGooglegroupwarehome officemanagement information system (MIS)middlewareoffice automationOmidyar, Pierreonline advertisingonline investingonline job searching and recruitingoptical character recognition (OCR)Page, LarryPDF (Portable Document Format)personal health information managementpersonal information manager (PIM)presentation softwareproject management softwaresmart cardspreadsheetsupply chain managementsystems analysttelecommutingtext editortransaction processingtrust and reputation systemsword processingYahoo!Computer Architectureaddressingarithmetic logic unit (ALU)bits and bytesbufferingbuscachecomputer engineeringconcurrent programmingcooperative processingCray, Seymourdevice driverdistributed computingembedded systemgrid computingparallel portreduced instruction set computer (RISC)serial portsupercomputerUSB (Universal Serial Bus)Computer IndustryAdobe SystemsAdvanced Micro Devices (AMD)Amdahl, Gene MyronApple CorporationBell, C. GordonBell Laboratoriesbenchmarkcertification of computer professionalsCisco Systemscompatibility and portabilitycomputer industryDell, Inc.education in the computer fieldemployment in the computer fieldentrepreneurs in computingGates, William III (Bill)Grove, AndrewIBMIntel Corporationjournalism and the computer industrymarketing of softwareMicrosoft CorporationMoore, Gordon E.Motorola Corporationresearch laboratories in computingstandards in computingSun MicrosystemsWozniak, StevenComputer Science FundamentalsChurch, Alonzocomputer sciencecomputability and complexitycyberneticshexadecimal systeminformation theorymathematics of computingmeasurement units used in computingTuring, Alan Mathisonvon Neumann, JohnWiener, NorbertComputer Security and Risksauthenticationbackup and archive systemsbiometricscomputer crime and securitycomputer forensicscomputer viruscopy protectioncounterterrorism and computerscyberstalking and harassmentcyberterrorismDiffie, Bailey Whitfielddisaster planning and recoveryencryptionfault tolerancefirewallhackers and hackingidentity theftinformation warfareMitnick, Kevin D.online frauds and scamsphishing and spoofingRFID (radio frequency identification)
viiiIntroduction to the Revised Editionrisks of computingSpafford, Eugene H.spamspyware and adwareY2K ProblemDatabasesCORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture)data conversiondata dictionarydata miningdata securitydata warehousedatabase administrationdatabase management system (DBMS)databasehashinginformation retrievalOracle CorporationSAPSOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol)SQLData Communications and Networking(General)bandwidthBluetoothbroadbandcable modemclient-server computingdata acquisitiondata communicationsdata compressionDSL (digital subscriber line)error correctionfiber opticsfile serverfile transfer protocolsFireWirelocal area network (LAN)modemnetworksatellite Internet serviceShannon, Claude Esynchronous/asynchronous operationtelecommunicationsterminalWifiwireless computingData Types and Algorithmsalgorithmarraybindingbitwise operationsBoolean operatorsbranching statementscharacters and stringsclassconstants and literalsdatadata abstractiondata structuresdata typesenumerations and setsheap (data structure)Knuth, Donaldlist processingnumeric dataoperators and expressionssorting and searchingstacktreevariableDevelopment of ComputersAiken, Howardanalog and digitalanalog computerAtanasoff, John VincentBabbage, CharlescalculatorEckert, J. Presperhistory of computingHollerith, HermannMauchly, John WilliammainframeminicomputerZuse, KonradFuture ComputingbioinformationDertouzos, MichaelJoy, Billmolecular computingnanotechnologyquantum computingtrends and emerging technologiesubiquitous computingGames, Graphics, and Mediaanimation, computerart and the computerbitmapped imagecodeccolor in computingcomputer gamescomputer graphicsdigital rights management (DRM)DVR (digital video recording)Electronic Artsfilm industry and computingfontfractals in computinggame consolesgraphics card
Page 2 and 3: Encyclopedia ofComputer scienceand
Page 4 and 5: C on t e n t sAcknowledgmentsivintr
Page 6 and 7: I n t r od u c t ion to t h eR e v
Page 10 and 11: Introduction to the Revised Edition
Page 12: Introduction to the Revised Edition
Page 15 and 16: AdaAdaStarting in the 1960s, the U.
Page 17 and 18: Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)Image P
Page 19 and 20: Algolgrammar of the data-descriptio
Page 21 and 22: ALUdown into component parts or bui
Page 23 and 24: 10 Amdahl, Gene MyronShanahan, Fran
Page 25 and 26: 12 analog and digitalhistory, bring
Page 27 and 28: 14 Andreessen, MarcCompleted in 193
Page 29 and 30: 16 animation, computerAndreessen tr
Page 31 and 32: 18 APLAPL (a programming language)T
Page 33 and 34: 20 application program interfacerat
Page 35 and 36: 22 application softwareURL: http://
Page 37 and 38: 24 arrayIn languages such as C that
Page 39 and 40: 26 artificial intelligenceby tradit
Page 41 and 42: 28 artificial lifewriters such as V
Page 43 and 44: 30 Atanasoff, John VincentAtanasoff
Page 45 and 46: 32 authoring systemsway”—the se
Page 47 and 48: 34 awkthose found in C. There are a
Page 49 and 50: 36 backup and archive systemsthe ec
Page 51 and 52: 38 Backus-Naur formBackus-Naur form
Page 53 and 54: 40 basic input/output systemdecisio
Page 55 and 56: 42 Bell Laboratoriesand the early a
Page 57 and 58: 44 Bezos, Jeffrey P.use if it is to
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46 bioinformaticsand a hierarchy of
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48 biometricsvariety of biometric s
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50 bitmapped imagesuch tasks as gra
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52 blogs and bloggingThe shift oper
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54 boot sequenceoperators (called B
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oadbandTechnically, broadband refer
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Brooks, Rodney 59such as Flickr and
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ulletin board systems 61bugs and de
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66 CTotal = Total + 1;Total += 1;To
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68 C++While attracted to the advant
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70 calculatorthe location of the ca
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72 cascading style sheetsMojave Des
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74 CD-ROM and DVD-ROM“rapid proto
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76 censorship and the InternetIn 20
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78 central processing unitcentral p
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80 CGIIn a newly emerging sector th
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82 characters and stringsAs compute
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84 chess and computersOne of the be
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86 chipsetattached to the silicon s
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90 clock speedSinclair, Joseph T.,
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92 codecMurcah, Mike, Anne Prince,
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94 COMcommon object request broker
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96 compilersuch as a keyword (reser
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98 computer-aided design and manufa
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100 computer crime and securitycomp
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102 computer forensicsa device proc
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104 computer graphicsthe same time,
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106 computer industryso on). By cre
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108 computer industrypackages serve
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110 computer virus• What is the b
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112 computer visionsense on the par
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114 conferencing systemsFeldman, Mi
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116 cookiesunlike most traditional
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118 CORBA“activation” or “val
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120 CraigslistMano, M. Morris, and
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122 CRMtasks can be assigned to dif
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124 cyberneticsMany issues regardin
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126 cyberstalking and harassmentThe
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DdataToday the term data is associa
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130 database administrationsignal m
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132 database management systemMicro
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134 data compressionlocal network,
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136 data securityparticular purpose
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138 data typeswhile a list has one
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140 Dell, Inc.User Interface—The
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142 design patternsdesign patternsD
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144 device driverOne Laptop per Chi
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146 digital cashcould be worked bac
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148 digital dashboardThe ownership
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150 Dijkstra, Edsger W.discs. A big
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152 disaster planning and recoveryT
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154 distributed computingAnother wa
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156 DNSCSCUCVCXCYCZDEDJDKDMDODZECEE
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158 documentation of program codewi
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160 document modelSociety for Techn
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162 DRMresearchers. For example, Al
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164 DVRMPEG file) that is fully com
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166 e-books and digital librariesha
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168 e-commerceRemington Rand. Worki
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170 education and computersApplicat
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172 e-governmentlenges face educati
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174 Electronic Artsteaching softwar
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176 e-maillanguages. However this c
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178 employment in the computer fiel
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180 encapsulationconsist of a combi
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182 Engelbart, DouglasEngelbart, Do
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184 entrepreneurs in computinganaly
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186 error correctionSalvendy, Gavri
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188 expert systemsAnatomy of an Exp
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190 Feigenbaum, Edwardhttp://hissa.
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192 file serverdata integrity. Vers
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194 film industry and computingImpl
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196 firewallcontrolled by a state t
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198 flash and smart mobs(or even pr
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200 flowchartused to hold data. The
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202 FORTRANearly days of microcompu
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204 fuzzy logicdefining and arrangi
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206 Gates, William, IIIGame console
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208 Geographical Information System
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210 Google• downward wage pressur
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212 government funding of computer
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214 graphics formatsof objects so t
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216 grid computingoff. By 2000, vir
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218 Grove, Andrew S.Cavalancia, Nic
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220 handwriting recognitionand othe
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222 hard disk• remote surgery, wh
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224 health, personalTo search a has
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226 history of computingFurther Rea
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228 history of computingThe most st
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230 home officeFacing vigorous comp
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232 HTML, DHTML, and XHTMLFurther R
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234 hypertext and hypermediaImpleme
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236 IBM PCFurther ReadingBashe, Cha
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238 identity theftfrom meetings to
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240 information retrievalinvasion o
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242 information warfareShannon foun
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244 installation of softwareinstall
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246 internationalization and locali
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248 Internettransmission of a messa
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250 Internet censorshipDunaev, Serg
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252 interpreterconsidered to be ISP
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JJavaJava is a computer language si
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256 JavaScriptIn 2006 Sun Microsyst
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258 Jobs, Steven Paulan enthusiasti
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260 journalism and the computer ind
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262 Joy, Billwho will be unable to
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264 kernelcould send a message to t
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266 knowledge representationattende
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268 Kurzweil, RayFurther ReadingFre
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LLAN See local area network.languag
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272 laptop computerapplications for
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274 Lessig, Lawrencepleadings and o
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276 library, programadditional copi
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278 linguistics and computingIn his
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280 LISPA Linux system running Open
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282 list processinga rich variety o
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284 Logoa checksum, and two special
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286 LuaNext CharValHere Char$ is a
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288 macroMacDailyNews. Available on
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290 mainframeMaes has participated
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292 map information and navigation
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294 mashupsbefore you buy” softwa
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296 Mauchly, John WilliamMoving fro
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298 measurement units used in compu
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300 medical applications of compute
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302 memory managementTom’s Hardwa
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304 microprocessorMicroprocessor de
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306 Microsoft .NETbrowser had broug
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308 Microsoft WindowsIntroduced in
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310 middlewareBott, Ed, Carl Sieche
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312 minicomputer“How Military Rob
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314 Mitnick, Kevin D.———. “
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316 molecular computingdevice could
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318 Moore, Gordon E.only one gun, w
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320 Motorola CorporationMotorola Co
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322 multimediaa maximum of 640 kB o
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324 multitasking“local” memory
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326 music and video distribution, o
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328 music and video players, digita
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330 natural language processingplac
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332 Net Neutrality• Do not post b
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334 networkGoogle Groups, is the be
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336 neural networkwebmd.com/stroke/
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338 numeric dataselect customer whe
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340 object-oriented programmingPARC
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342 Omidyar, Pierreprovided for typ
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344 online advertisingnew structure
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346 online gamblingand agencies suc
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348 online investingThe close and g
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350 online servicesand drugs. The s
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352 open-source movementopen-source
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354 operators and expressionsOperat
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356 optical computingA more general
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PPage, Larry(1973- )AmericanEntrepr
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360 parallel porthis work. Papert l
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362 PascalLevine, John R., Tony Mas
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364 PDATheodoridis, Sergios, and Ko
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366 personal computerConway, Damian
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368 personal information managercom
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370 phishing and spoofing“Phishin
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372 PHPeach of the three RGB colors
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374 Plug and PlayImpact of the Lang
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376 pointers and indirectionA point
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378 popular culture and computingHo
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380 presentation softwareDeclineBy
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382 printersarray of magnetically c
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384 procedures and functionsagencie
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386 programming as a professioncalc
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388 programming languagesprogrammer
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390 PrologGiven the scope and pace
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392 punched cards and paper tapepun
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Qquality assurance, softwareModern
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396 queueIn an empty queue, the hea
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RRAID (redundant array of inexpensi
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400 recursionand with the potential
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402 regular expressioncompetitive a
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404 reverse engineeringA similar ap
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406 RFIDParts of an RFID system. De
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408 risks of computingHafner, Katie
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410 roboticsMac. The MIT computer s
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412 RPGHenderson, Harry. Modern Rob
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414 Rubya file, as with many script
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416 satellite Internet serviceFurth
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418 science fiction and computingre
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420 scientific computing applicatio
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422 search engineuseful tools for m
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424 semantic WebSearch Engine Watch
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426 Shannon, Claude E.Service-orien
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428 shellPC-Write as a full-feature
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430 Simonyi, Charlestests for the p
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432 singularity, technologicalToget
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434 smart buildings and homesThis m
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436 smartphonestore a hundred or mo
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438 SOAPPogue, David. iPhone: The M
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440 social networkingThere continue
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442 software agentLife could be stu
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444 software piracy and counterfeit
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446 sorting and searching• Discma
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448 sound file formatsapproach, and
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450 Spafford, Eugene H.and computer
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452 spreadsheetSpeech recognition b
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454 SQLFurther Reading“Antispywar
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456 stackstackOften a temporary sto
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458 Stoll, CliffordCharles Babbage
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460 structured programmingsuited fo
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462 supply chain managementApplicat
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464 system administratorsystem admi
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Ttablet PCAs the name suggests, a t
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468 TclHaylor, Phil. Computer Stora
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470 technical supportIPv6 Informati
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472 technology policyDuring the 198
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474 telepresence• elimination of
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476 text editortyping commands into
Page 491 and 492:
478 touchscreencode. This would mea
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480 trends and emerging technologie
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482 Turkle, SherryFurther ReadingHe
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Uubiquitous computingTraditionally
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486 USB% who | awk ' { print $1 }'H
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488 user groupsGarofoli, Joe. “Us
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VvariableVirtually all computer pro
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492 videoconferencingconsequence wa
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494 virtualizationused as an expres
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496 VoIPtank crews and even individ
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498 von Neumann, JohnJohn von Neuma
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WWales, Jimmy(1966- )AmericanIntern
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502 Web 2.0 and beyond“Web 2.0”
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504 webcamabout a 75 percent market
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506 Web page design• fluency in t
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508 Web servicesWhen a user types i
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510 Wiener, Norbertcomplexity . . .
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512 wikis and WikipediaWiki softwar
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514 Wirth, NiklausMobile Wireless N
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516 word processingto promote netwo
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518 World Wide WebBy the beginning
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XXMLSeveral markup languages have b
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YY2K problemSherlock Holmes once re
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524 YouTube• excessive time spent
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526 Zuse, Konradneeded would make t
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528 Appendix IRed Herring: The Busi
Page 543 and 544:
530 Appendix IIing company (CTR) in
Page 545 and 546:
532 Appendix II• Users of the new
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534 Appendix II••ibm developed
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536 Appendix II• Bill Gates and P
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538 Appendix II• A consortium cal
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540 Appendix II• Apple released o
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Appendix IIISome Significant Awards
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544 Appendix III1993 Juris Harmanis
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546 Appendix III1972 Paul E. Dirkse
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548 Appendix IIIJohn W. BackusRober
Page 563 and 564:
550 Appendix IIIsity of Manchester
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552 Appendix IIIthereby enhancing A
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554 Appendix IVInternational Webmas
Page 569 and 570:
556 IndexAnalytical Engine 35-36, 3
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558 Indexdata communications over13
Page 573 and 574:
560 Indexgraphics in 106, 194haptic
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562 IndexDertouzos, Michael L. 141D
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564 IndexFFacebook 16, 440-441, 487
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566 IndexIDNA (Internationalizing D
Page 581 and 582:
568 Indexin open-source movement352
Page 583 and 584:
570 IndexMinard, Joseph 239mind 92-
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572 IndexOnStar 71ontologies and da
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574 Indexin object-orientedprogramm
Page 589 and 590:
576 Indexsequential calculator 5ser
Page 591 and 592:
578 Indexterminals in 475-476user i
Page 593:
580 Indexdatabases in 132developmen
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