Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology

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censorship and the Internet 77While some parents and many schools use filtering software to block Web sites considered to be inappropriate for children, another approach is toprovide a site with “child friendly” material and links. (Image courtesy of the estate of Keith Haring, www.haringkids.com)
78 central processing unitcentral processing unit See CPU.Cerf, Vinton D.(1943– )AmericanComputer ScientistVinton (Vint) Cerf is a key pioneer in the development ofthe packet-switched networking technology that is the basisfor the Internet. In high school, Cerf distinguished himselffrom his classmates by wearing a jacket and a tie and carryinga large brown briefcase, which he later described as“maybe a nerd’s way of being different.” He has a lifelonglove for fantasy and science fiction, both of which exploredifference. Finally, Cerf was set apart by being hearingimpairedas a result of a birth defect. He would overcomethis handicap through a combination of hearing aids andcommunications strategies. And while he was fascinated bychemistry and rocketry, it would be communications, math,and computer science that would form his lifelong interest.After graduating from Stanford in 1965 with a B.S. inmathematics, Cerf worked at IBM as an engineer on itstime-sharing systems, while broadening his background incomputer science. At UCLA he earned on M.S. and then aPh.D. in computer science while working on technologythat could link one computer to another. Soon he was workingwith Len Kleinrock’s Network Measurement Center toplan the ARPA network, a government-sponsored computerlink. In designing software to simulate a network that asyet existed only on paper, Cerf and his colleagues had toexplore the issues of network load, response time, queuing,and routing, which would prove fundamental for the realworldnetworks to come.By the summer of 1968, four universities and researchsites (UCLA, UC Santa Barbara, the University of Utah, andSRI) as well as the firm BBN (Bolt Beranek and Newman)were trying to develop a network. At the time, a customcombination of hardware and software had to be devisedto connect each center’s computer to the other. The hardware,a refrigerator-sized interface called an IMP, was stillin development.By 1970, the tiny four-node network was in operation,cobbled together with software that allowed a user on onemachine to log in to another. This was a far cry from asystem that would allow any computer to seamlessly communicatewith another, however. What was needed on thesoftware end was a universal, consistent language—a protocol—thatany computer could use to communicate withany other computer on the network.In a remarkable display of cooperation, Cerf and hiscolleagues in the Network Working Group set out to designsuch a system. The fundamental idea of the protocol is thatdata to be transmitted would be turned into a stream of“packets.” Each packet would have addressing informationthat would enable it to be routed across the network andthen reassembled back into proper sequence at the destination.Just as the Post Office doesn’t need to know what’sin a letter to deliver it, the network doesn’t need to knowwhether the data it is handling is e-mail, a news article, orsomething else entirely. The message could be assembledand handed over to a program that would know what to dowith it.With the development of what eventually became TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) VintCerf and Bob Kahn essentially became the fathers of theInternet we know today (see tcp/ip). As the online worldbegan to grow in the 1980s, Cerf worked with MCI in thedevelopment of its electronic mail system, and then set upsystems to coordinate Internet researchers.In later years, Cerf undertook new initiatives in thedevelopment of the Internet. He was a key founder and thefirst president of the Internet Society in 1992, serving in thatpost until 1995 and then as chairman of the board, 1998–1999. This group seeks to plan for expansion and changeas the Internet becomes a worldwide phenomenon. Cerf’sinterest in science fiction came full circle in 1998 when hejoined an effort at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) inPasadena, California. There they are designing an “interplanetaryInternet” that would allow a full network connectionbetween robot space probes, astronauts, and eventualcolonists on Mars and elsewhere in the solar system.In 2005 Cerf joined Google as its “chief Internet evangelist,”where he has the opportunity to apply his imaginationto network applications and access policies. Cerf alsoserved as chairman of the board of the Internet Corporationfor Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), a position thathe left in 2007.Cerf has received numerous honors, including the IEEEKobayashi Award (1992), International TelecommunicationsUnion Silver Medal (1995), and the National Medal of Technology(1997). In 2005 Cerf (along with Robert Kahn) wasawarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation’shighest civilian award.Further Reading“Cerf’s Up.” Personal Perspectives. Available online. URL: http://global.mci.com/ca/resources/cerfs_up/personal_perspective/.Accessed May 28, 2007.Hafner, Katie and Matthew Lyon. Where Wizards Stay Up Late: theOrigins of the Internet. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.Henderson, Harry. Pioneers of the Internet. San Diego, Calif.:Lucent Books, 2002.certificate, digitalThe ability to use public key encryption over the Internetmakes it possible to send sensitive information (suchas credit card numbers) to a Web site without electroniceavesdroppers being able to decode it and use it for criminalpurposes (see encryption and computer crime andsecurity). Any user can send information by using a personor organization’s public key, and only the owner of thepublic key will be able to decode that information.However, the user still needs assurance that a site actuallybelongs to the company that it says it does, ratherthan being an imposter. This assurance can be providedby a trusted third party certification authority (CA), suchas VeriSign, Inc. The CA verifies the identity of the appli-
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Encyclopedia ofComputer scienceand
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C on t e n t sAcknowledgmentsivintr
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I n t r od u c t ion to t h eR e v
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Introduction to the Revised Edition
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AdaAdaStarting in the 1960s, the U.
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Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)Image P
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Algolgrammar of the data-descriptio
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ALUdown into component parts or bui
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10 Amdahl, Gene MyronShanahan, Fran
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12 analog and digitalhistory, bring
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14 Andreessen, MarcCompleted in 193
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16 animation, computerAndreessen tr
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18 APLAPL (a programming language)T
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20 application program interfacerat
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22 application softwareURL: http://
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24 arrayIn languages such as C that
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Page 47 and 48: 34 awkthose found in C. There are a
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Page 72 and 73: Brooks, Rodney 59such as Flickr and
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Page 79 and 80: 66 CTotal = Total + 1;Total += 1;To
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Page 85 and 86: 72 cascading style sheetsMojave Des
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Page 107 and 108: 94 COMcommon object request broker
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Page 115 and 116: 102 computer forensicsa device proc
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Page 133 and 134: 120 CraigslistMano, M. Morris, and
Page 135 and 136: 122 CRMtasks can be assigned to dif
Page 137 and 138: 124 cyberneticsMany issues regardin
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DdataToday the term data is associa
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130 database administrationsignal m
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132 database management systemMicro
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134 data compressionlocal network,
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136 data securityparticular purpose
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138 data typeswhile a list has one
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140 Dell, Inc.User Interface—The
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142 design patternsdesign patternsD
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144 device driverOne Laptop per Chi
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146 digital cashcould be worked bac
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148 digital dashboardThe ownership
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150 Dijkstra, Edsger W.discs. A big
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152 disaster planning and recoveryT
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154 distributed computingAnother wa
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156 DNSCSCUCVCXCYCZDEDJDKDMDODZECEE
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158 documentation of program codewi
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160 document modelSociety for Techn
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162 DRMresearchers. For example, Al
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164 DVRMPEG file) that is fully com
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166 e-books and digital librariesha
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168 e-commerceRemington Rand. Worki
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170 education and computersApplicat
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172 e-governmentlenges face educati
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174 Electronic Artsteaching softwar
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176 e-maillanguages. However this c
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178 employment in the computer fiel
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180 encapsulationconsist of a combi
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182 Engelbart, DouglasEngelbart, Do
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184 entrepreneurs in computinganaly
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186 error correctionSalvendy, Gavri
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188 expert systemsAnatomy of an Exp
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190 Feigenbaum, Edwardhttp://hissa.
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192 file serverdata integrity. Vers
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194 film industry and computingImpl
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196 firewallcontrolled by a state t
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198 flash and smart mobs(or even pr
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200 flowchartused to hold data. The
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202 FORTRANearly days of microcompu
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204 fuzzy logicdefining and arrangi
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206 Gates, William, IIIGame console
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208 Geographical Information System
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210 Google• downward wage pressur
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212 government funding of computer
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214 graphics formatsof objects so t
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216 grid computingoff. By 2000, vir
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218 Grove, Andrew S.Cavalancia, Nic
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220 handwriting recognitionand othe
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222 hard disk• remote surgery, wh
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224 health, personalTo search a has
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226 history of computingFurther Rea
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228 history of computingThe most st
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230 home officeFacing vigorous comp
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232 HTML, DHTML, and XHTMLFurther R
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234 hypertext and hypermediaImpleme
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236 IBM PCFurther ReadingBashe, Cha
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238 identity theftfrom meetings to
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240 information retrievalinvasion o
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242 information warfareShannon foun
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244 installation of softwareinstall
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246 internationalization and locali
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248 Internettransmission of a messa
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250 Internet censorshipDunaev, Serg
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252 interpreterconsidered to be ISP
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JJavaJava is a computer language si
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256 JavaScriptIn 2006 Sun Microsyst
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258 Jobs, Steven Paulan enthusiasti
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260 journalism and the computer ind
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262 Joy, Billwho will be unable to
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264 kernelcould send a message to t
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266 knowledge representationattende
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268 Kurzweil, RayFurther ReadingFre
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LLAN See local area network.languag
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272 laptop computerapplications for
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274 Lessig, Lawrencepleadings and o
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276 library, programadditional copi
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278 linguistics and computingIn his
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280 LISPA Linux system running Open
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282 list processinga rich variety o
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284 Logoa checksum, and two special
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286 LuaNext CharValHere Char$ is a
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288 macroMacDailyNews. Available on
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290 mainframeMaes has participated
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292 map information and navigation
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294 mashupsbefore you buy” softwa
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296 Mauchly, John WilliamMoving fro
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298 measurement units used in compu
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300 medical applications of compute
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302 memory managementTom’s Hardwa
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304 microprocessorMicroprocessor de
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306 Microsoft .NETbrowser had broug
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308 Microsoft WindowsIntroduced in
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310 middlewareBott, Ed, Carl Sieche
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312 minicomputer“How Military Rob
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314 Mitnick, Kevin D.———. “
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316 molecular computingdevice could
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318 Moore, Gordon E.only one gun, w
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320 Motorola CorporationMotorola Co
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322 multimediaa maximum of 640 kB o
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324 multitasking“local” memory
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326 music and video distribution, o
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328 music and video players, digita
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330 natural language processingplac
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332 Net Neutrality• Do not post b
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334 networkGoogle Groups, is the be
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336 neural networkwebmd.com/stroke/
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338 numeric dataselect customer whe
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340 object-oriented programmingPARC
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342 Omidyar, Pierreprovided for typ
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344 online advertisingnew structure
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346 online gamblingand agencies suc
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348 online investingThe close and g
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350 online servicesand drugs. The s
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352 open-source movementopen-source
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354 operators and expressionsOperat
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356 optical computingA more general
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PPage, Larry(1973- )AmericanEntrepr
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360 parallel porthis work. Papert l
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362 PascalLevine, John R., Tony Mas
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364 PDATheodoridis, Sergios, and Ko
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366 personal computerConway, Damian
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368 personal information managercom
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370 phishing and spoofing“Phishin
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372 PHPeach of the three RGB colors
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374 Plug and PlayImpact of the Lang
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376 pointers and indirectionA point
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378 popular culture and computingHo
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380 presentation softwareDeclineBy
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382 printersarray of magnetically c
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384 procedures and functionsagencie
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386 programming as a professioncalc
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388 programming languagesprogrammer
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390 PrologGiven the scope and pace
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392 punched cards and paper tapepun
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Qquality assurance, softwareModern
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396 queueIn an empty queue, the hea
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400 recursionand with the potential
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402 regular expressioncompetitive a
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404 reverse engineeringA similar ap
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406 RFIDParts of an RFID system. De
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408 risks of computingHafner, Katie
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410 roboticsMac. The MIT computer s
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412 RPGHenderson, Harry. Modern Rob
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414 Rubya file, as with many script
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416 satellite Internet serviceFurth
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418 science fiction and computingre
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420 scientific computing applicatio
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422 search engineuseful tools for m
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424 semantic WebSearch Engine Watch
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426 Shannon, Claude E.Service-orien
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428 shellPC-Write as a full-feature
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430 Simonyi, Charlestests for the p
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432 singularity, technologicalToget
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434 smart buildings and homesThis m
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436 smartphonestore a hundred or mo
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438 SOAPPogue, David. iPhone: The M
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440 social networkingThere continue
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442 software agentLife could be stu
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444 software piracy and counterfeit
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446 sorting and searching• Discma
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448 sound file formatsapproach, and
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450 Spafford, Eugene H.and computer
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452 spreadsheetSpeech recognition b
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454 SQLFurther Reading“Antispywar
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456 stackstackOften a temporary sto
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458 Stoll, CliffordCharles Babbage
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460 structured programmingsuited fo
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462 supply chain managementApplicat
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464 system administratorsystem admi
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Ttablet PCAs the name suggests, a t
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468 TclHaylor, Phil. Computer Stora
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470 technical supportIPv6 Informati
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472 technology policyDuring the 198
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474 telepresence• elimination of
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476 text editortyping commands into
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478 touchscreencode. This would mea
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480 trends and emerging technologie
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482 Turkle, SherryFurther ReadingHe
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Uubiquitous computingTraditionally
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486 USB% who | awk ' { print $1 }'H
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488 user groupsGarofoli, Joe. “Us
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VvariableVirtually all computer pro
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492 videoconferencingconsequence wa
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494 virtualizationused as an expres
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496 VoIPtank crews and even individ
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498 von Neumann, JohnJohn von Neuma
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WWales, Jimmy(1966- )AmericanIntern
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502 Web 2.0 and beyond“Web 2.0”
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504 webcamabout a 75 percent market
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506 Web page design• fluency in t
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508 Web servicesWhen a user types i
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510 Wiener, Norbertcomplexity . . .
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512 wikis and WikipediaWiki softwar
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514 Wirth, NiklausMobile Wireless N
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516 word processingto promote netwo
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518 World Wide WebBy the beginning
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XXMLSeveral markup languages have b
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YY2K problemSherlock Holmes once re
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524 YouTube• excessive time spent
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526 Zuse, Konradneeded would make t
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528 Appendix IRed Herring: The Busi
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530 Appendix IIing company (CTR) in
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532 Appendix II• Users of the new
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534 Appendix II••ibm developed
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536 Appendix II• Bill Gates and P
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538 Appendix II• A consortium cal
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540 Appendix II• Apple released o
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Appendix IIISome Significant Awards
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544 Appendix III1993 Juris Harmanis
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546 Appendix III1972 Paul E. Dirkse
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548 Appendix IIIJohn W. BackusRober
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550 Appendix IIIsity of Manchester
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552 Appendix IIIthereby enhancing A
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554 Appendix IVInternational Webmas
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556 IndexAnalytical Engine 35-36, 3
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558 Indexdata communications over13
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560 Indexgraphics in 106, 194haptic
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562 IndexDertouzos, Michael L. 141D
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564 IndexFFacebook 16, 440-441, 487
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566 IndexIDNA (Internationalizing D
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568 Indexin open-source movement352
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570 IndexMinard, Joseph 239mind 92-
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572 IndexOnStar 71ontologies and da
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574 Indexin object-orientedprogramm
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576 Indexsequential calculator 5ser
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578 Indexterminals in 475-476user i
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580 Indexdatabases in 132developmen
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