Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology
Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology
Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology
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574 Indexin object-orientedprogramming 340–341,388in Pascal 88, 362in Plankalkül 526programming languages<strong>and</strong> 388in scripting languages 421in Simula 431in SQL 455stack <strong>and</strong> 456in structured programming443, 460process control 264processes 151, 154, 186, 264process management 353processor. See CPU; microprocessorProdigy 350production applications 64. Seealso CAD/CAMproduction systems, in artificialintelligence 26–27pr<strong>of</strong>essional organizations 79pr<strong>of</strong>iles, Bluetooth 53pr<strong>of</strong>iling, cookies in 116program(s)addressing in 3applications. See applications<strong>of</strong>twarefor batch processing 257code clarity in 158commenting in 158concurrent 112–113CPU <strong>and</strong> 120data security in 137demons 140–141as finite-state machine 196firewalls <strong>and</strong> 197global flags in 197–198internationalization <strong>of</strong> 247libraries for. See library,programlocalization <strong>of</strong> 247scripts <strong>and</strong> 421in Smalltalk 434in s<strong>of</strong>tware engineering 444stored 227for supercomputers 461testing 394as trade secrets 245–246undecidable 97program code, documentation<strong>of</strong> 74, 158–159. See alsodocumentation; technicalwritingprogram code modules 73–74, 135Program Evaluation <strong>and</strong> ReviewTechnique (PERT) 389program library. See library,programprogrammable calculator 71programmable read-only memory(PROM) 49, 301programming. See also automaticprogramming; concurrentprogramming; object-orientedprogramming; structuredprogramming; systemsprogrammingbenchmarks in 43bugs in 61in data integrity 130<strong>of</strong> Differential Analyzer 426employment in 385–387<strong>of</strong> Internet applications 249libraries for. See library,programin Micros<strong>of</strong>t Windows308–309as pr<strong>of</strong>ession 385–387pseudocode for 390–391for supercomputers 461systems analyst <strong>and</strong> 464in text editor 476<strong>of</strong> UNIVAC 296–297programming environment 387,387–388CASE tools in 73compilers in 253current use <strong>of</strong> 389documentation tools in 159for games 104interpreters in 253for Micros<strong>of</strong>t Windows 309for OS X 357pr<strong>of</strong>essional programmers<strong>and</strong> 386punched cards <strong>and</strong> 392for Ruby 414Smalltalk as 434in s<strong>of</strong>tware engineering 443programming languages 388, 388–389. See also specific languagesin ASP .NET 1assembly language <strong>and</strong> 29Backus-Naur Form for 38binding <strong>and</strong> 45compatibility <strong>and</strong> 94compilers for 95in computing history 227,228for concurrent programming113data in 128data structures in 138for embedded systems 178graphics <strong>and</strong> 105lambda calculus in 87linguistics in 278for multiprocessing 324open-source 352operator precedence in 355parsing 360–361scripting <strong>and</strong> 421string-oriented 82–83variables in 490–491Project Gutenberg 167project management s<strong>of</strong>tware 342,389–390, 418, 444Project Oxygen 484Prolog 389, 390PROM (programmable read-onlymemory) 49, 301PROMIS 140propag<strong>and</strong>a 126–127, 242propagation 131proportional fonts 201propositional calculus 53–54prostheses 335–336, 336, 411protected class variables 88protein folding 46–47, 117Proteins@home 117protein simulation 47, 47protocols 154, 157–158, 177, 360,469, 513. See also file transferprotocols; TCP/IP; VoIPproxy address 197pruning strategy 84–85PS/2 236, 366pseudocode 73, 362, 390–391, 460pseudonymity 17psychoacoustics 449psychology <strong>of</strong> computing 237, 391,482–483psychotherapy, ELIZA <strong>and</strong> 83, 509PTSD (posttraumatic stressdisorder) 311public key cryptography 32, 78–79,79, 145–146, 180–181, 181Publicly Available Specifications(PAS) 457public variables 88, 491puck, with graphics tablet 215punched cards <strong>and</strong> paper tape 392in Analytical Engine 35, 226automatic tabulation <strong>of</strong>229–230commenting in 158in ENIAC 488in mainframes 290in voting systems 175PVM (Parallel Virtual Machine)217Python 392–393, 508QQDOS 321Qpass 146quad-core processors 4, 245quadriplegia 151quality assurance, s<strong>of</strong>tware 61,109, 186, 394–395, 408, 444,464Quality <strong>of</strong> Life Technologies Center424–425Quantum <strong>Computer</strong> Services 11quantum computing 181, 329,395–396Quantum R<strong>and</strong>om Bit GeneratorService 399QuarkXPress 4qubit 395queries 131, 139, 337, 455queue 396, 396–397in circular buffer 60in computer science 109as data structure 138in multitasking 325for scheduling <strong>and</strong>prioritization 417stack <strong>and</strong> 456Quick BASIC 40QuickBooks 195Quicken 39, 195quicksort 447, 447QuickTime 374quote marks, in search engines 423QWERTY keyboard 185Rrace 149, 515–516race condition 113Racter (chatterbot) 83radiation, from monitors 185radio astronomy 42radio frequency identification(RFID) 384, 405–407, 406, 436radio interference 408Radio Shack 228radix 338RAID (redundant array <strong>of</strong>inexpensive disks) 398,398–399for data backup 37in disaster planning <strong>and</strong>recovery 152fault tolerance with 189as file server 192hard disks for 223for networked storage 335virtualization <strong>and</strong> 494Rainbow Six (game) 311RAM (r<strong>and</strong>om access memory) 3,3, 301, 304. See also memoryRAND Corporation 162. See alsoSperry-R<strong>and</strong> Corporationr<strong>and</strong>om access 192r<strong>and</strong>om access memory (RAM) 3,3, 301, 304. See also memoryr<strong>and</strong>omization, in qualityassurance 395r<strong>and</strong>om number generation 295,399range, in DAQ performance 130rape, virtual 125, 494Rapid Selector 63raster data 208Raster Image Processor (RIP) 379RateMDs.com 367–368rationalism 162RCA MKI 325RCA MKII 325RDF (Resource DescriptionFormat) 424RDF Site Summary 413read attribute 191readme 244Read-Only Memory (ROM) 301,304ReadyBoost 70, 198reality, nature <strong>of</strong> 369, 378,482–483Really Simple Syndication (RSS)375, 412–413RealPlayer 327, 374, 428, 504real-time games 104real-time processing 2, 399–400real-time simulations (RTS) 104,311reasoning, in cognitive science 92record data type 138Recording Industry Association <strong>of</strong>America (RIAA) 125, 150, 246record-level security 137recruitment, <strong>of</strong> terrorists 126–127recursion 400, 400–401in Algol 7in FORTRAN 202lambda calculus in 87in LISP 281in Logo 359in mergesort 447in quicksort 447Ritchie <strong>and</strong> 409in shellsort 447trees <strong>and</strong> 479recycling <strong>of</strong> computers 140red, in RGB 93Red Hat 279, 352reduced instruction set computer(RISC) 261, 288, 305, 320,401–402redundancy 39, 247, 427redundant array <strong>of</strong> inexpensivedisks. See RAIDrefactoring 74reference counter 224referential integrity 130, 131referral network, <strong>of</strong> Amazon.com 9refraction 190–191registers 28, 304regression analysis 136, 458regular expression 402–403, 485relational database model 131–132,139, 292, 455. See also databasemanagement systemsrelations 455relationships, online 237relevance, in information retrieval241reliability 36, 39, 130–131religion, extremist 127Remington-R<strong>and</strong> UNIVAC 90, 296remote backup services 37remote procedure call (RPC) 154,309, 438, 509Reno, ACLU v. 125repetitive stress injuries (RSIs)185, 265Replay TV 163Report Program Generator (RPG)412repository 116. See also datawarehouse
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