Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology

568 Indexin open-source movement352personal informationmanagers for 368server version of 192shell in 429for smartphones 437software installation on 244updates under 244for workstations 517Lisa (computer) 258LISP 280–282applications of 204, 389development of 403in EMACS 387as functional language 204lambda calculus in 87Logo and 284McCarthy’s work on 297recursion in 401variables in 490, 491list 137–138list processing 282, 282–283in C# 67in computer science 109in insertion sort 447lambda calculus in 87LISP for 281in Logo 284in memory allocation 224queue for 396stack and 456trees for 479literacy 143, 149literals 115literature, hypertext used for 234lithography 85, 86Littman, Jonathan 314LiveScript 256load balancing 310loader program 54local area network (LAN) 283,283–284business use of 64in cluster computing 216in computer history 228data communications over133groupware and 217in office automation 342for SOHO market 230local buses 62–63localization 158, 246–247local search 423locational privacy 384Loebner Contest 84Lofgren, Eric 441logical comparisons 65logical operators 51logic bombs 111logic error 61Logic Named Joe, A (Leinster)418–419logic programming languages 338,389Logic Theorist 33, 190, 295logistics 310Logo 170, 282, 284–285, 359, 433Loislaw 274London, cholera outbreaks in 239long-distance education 153,153–154, 170, 322long integer 138, 338loop 285, 285–286in arrays 24in BASIC 40in C 65in COBOL 91in error handling 187in flowcharts 200in FORTRAN 202infinite 97in interpreters 252logical errors in 61in Perl 365in procedural languages 388recursion and 400in structured programming460lossless compression 92, 214lossy compression 92, 134, 214,372Lotus 1-2-3 366, 452Lotus Notes 217, 342LoudCloud 16Lovelace, Ada 2, 35, 36, 515LR parsing 267Lua 286Lucent Technologies 42Lunar Excursion Module (LEM)449Lunar X Prize 358Lycos 422LZW (lossless compression) 214Mmachine code 28–29, 45, 95, 388Machine Readable Cataloging(MARC) 275“Machine Stops, The” (Forster) 418machine translation (MT) 270Macintosh 18–19, 287–288, 288.See also Apple; iMacin computing history 228C on 66desktop publishing on 143device drivers in 144–145digital video on 493DVR capability of 163–164in education 99, 169embedding and 160emulators on 179floppy disks and 199graphics on 105, 322help systems in 225hypertext on 233Intel chips in 245introduction of 258, 524Jobs and 257–258laptops by 273market entry of 107market share of 306as media center 299microprocessors in 320, 357mouse and 320–321operating systems for 353,357. See also OS Xin personal computing 366personal informationmanagers for 368scripting in 422user documentation in 159user interface of 18, 228,258, 307, 488–489word processing on 516Mac-LISP 281macro 29, 111, 288–289, 453Macromedia 4Macromedia Director 381Macromedia DreamWeaver 4, 507Macromedia Flash 4, 20, 32, 374,507Macsyma 145Macy, Michael 441Made In America (Dertouzos) 141Maes, Pattie 289–290Magellan 293magenta, in CYMK 93magnetic ink character recognition(MICR) 39magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)300mailer demon 140mainframe 290, 290–291Amdahl and 10backup systems for 37batch processing in 257buses in 62in CAD 98compiling in 97in computing history 227employment and 179FORTRAN for 202IBM and 235I/O processing in 243marketing of 106memory in 467multiprocessing in 323in popular culture 378printers for 381professional programmersfor 386program libraries in 276RPG for 412SQL and 454Stallman’s work with 456statistical analysis with 458tape drives in 467user group for 488Y2K and 522maintenance 444makefile 388malware 451. See also spyware andadwaremanaged backup services 37“Management Game, The” 103management information system(MIS) 110, 171, 291, 291–292Mandelbrot, Benoit 203mantissa 338manuals 159, 471map information and navigationsystems 71, 209, 211, 229,292–293, 441MapQuest 292MARC (Machine ReadableCataloging) 275marker, in hypertext 234marketing 9, 11marketing applications 64marketing of software 107–108,293–294Markhoff, John 314Mark I 5, 61, 231, 498Mark II 5Mark III 5Mark IV 5markup languages 5–6, 161, 232–233, 256, 520. See also DHTML;HTML; XHTMLmarriage scams 345Mars Pathfinder 449Mars rovers 59, 410, 449, 450Martinian, Emin 49mashups 110, 211, 275, 292, 294,423masking 52Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology. See MITmassively multiplayer online roleplayinggames (MMORPGs) 347master boot record 55matchmaking, software agentsfor 289Mathematical Foundations ofQuantum Mechanics, The (vonNeumann) 498“Mathematical Theory ofCommunication, A” (Shannon)241, 427“Mathematical Theory ofCryptography, A” (Shannon)427mathematics 7, 110, 326, 443mathematics of computing294–295mathematics software 145,295–296, 338, 453, 458. See alsospreadsheetMatrix films 378, 419Matsumoto, Yakihiro 413Mauchly, John William 167, 184,226, 226, 296–297, 499Mauldin, Michael 83Mavica floppy disk 446Maxwell theory 420Mayo Clinic 367MBTF (mean time betweenfailures) 189MCA (Microchannel Architecture)62, 236, 457McCarthy, John 297–298in artificial intelligence 26Brooks and 59on chess 85on encoding knowledge 187LISP and 281Minsky and 313Shannon and 427McCorduck, Pamela 190McCulloch, Warren S. 336,510–511McGill Random Number GeneratorSuper-Duper 399MCSE (Microsoft Certified SystemEngineer) 80Mead, Carver 463Mead, Margaret 124mean time between failures(MBTF) 189measurement units used incomputing 298–299mechanical calculator 35–36, 70,226, 294mechanical computer 13–14, 14,226, 510. See also differentialanalyzermechanical integrator 13media center, home 299Media Studio Pro 493MediaWiki 116medical applications of computers299–301, 300of artificial intelligence 27bioinformatics 47haptic interfaces 222image processing 239inkjet technology and 382personal health informationmanagement 367–368robotics 183, 411for senior citizens 425smart ships 436virtual reality 496medical informatics 299–301medical research 349MEDLINE 350meeting management, ingroupware 217megabyte 51, 298megapixels 371Memex 63, 233memory 301–302. See also cache;heap; stackin Analytical Engine 35–36,226for arrays 24assembly languages and 29BASIC and 40bits in 50–51buffer in 60for cache 69–70capacitors in 30cells of 224