Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology

Appendix II 533••together with the 1401 to build a “scalable” installation fortackling complex problems.Unimation introduced the industrial robot (the Unimate).Fairchild Semiconductor marketed the first commercialintegrated circuit.1962•The discipline of computer science began to emergewith the first departments established at Purdue and Stanford.MIT students created Spacewar, the first video computergame, on the PDP-1.On a more practical level, MIT programmers Richard Greenblattand D. Murphy develop TECO, one of the first texteditors.J. C. R. Licklider described the “Intergalactic Network,”a universal information exchange system that would helpinspire the development of the Internet.Douglas Engelbart invented the computer mouse at SRI.IBM developed the SABRE online ticket reservation systemfor American Airlines. The system will soon be adoptedby other carriers and demonstrate the use of networkedcomputer systems to facilitate commerce. Meanwhile, ibmearned $1 billion from its computer business, which by thenhad overtaken its traditional office machines as the company’sleading source of revenue.•••••1963• Joseph Weizenbaum’s Eliza program carried on naturalsoundingconversations in the manner of a psychotherapist.• Ivan Sutherland developed Sketchpad, the first computerdrawing system.• Reliable Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) integrated circuitswere perfected, and would become the basis for manyelectronic devices in years to come, including computers forspace exploration.1964• The ibm System/360 was announced. It would become themost successful mainframe in history, with its successorsdominating business computing for the next two decades.• IBM introduced the MT/ST (Magnetic Tape/Selectric Typewriter),considered to be the first dedicated word processingsystem. While rudimentary, it allowed text to becorrected before printing.• Seymour Cray’s Control Data CDC 6600 is announced.When completed, it ran about three times faster than IBM’sSTRETCH, irritating Thomas Watson, head of the far largerIBM.• J. Kemeny and T. Kurtz developed basic to allow students toprogram on the Dartmouth time-sharing system.• At the other end of the scale, IBM introduced the complex,feature-filled PL/1 (Programming Language 1) for use withits System/360.• The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) officiallyadopted the ASCII (American Standard Code for InformationInterchange) character code.• Paul Baran of SRI wrote a paper, “On Distributed CommunicationNetworks,” further describing the implementationof packet-switched network that could route around disruptions.The work began to attract the attention of militaryplanners concerned with air defense and missile control systemssurviving nuclear attack.• Jean Sammet and her colleagues developed the first computerprogram that can do algebra.• Gordon Moore (a founder of Fairchild Semiconductor andlater, of Intel Corporation) stated that the power of CPUswould continue to double every 18 to 24 months. “Moore’slaw” proved to be remarkably accurate.1965• ibm introduced the floppy disk (or diskette) for use with itsmainframes.• Edsgar Dijkstra devised the semaphore, a variable that twoprocesses can use to synchronize their operations and aidingthe development of concurrent programming.• The APL language developed by Kenneth Iverson provideda powerful, compact, but perhaps cryptic way to formulatecalculations.• The Simula language introduced what will become knownas object-oriented programming.• The DEC PDP-8 became the first mass-produced minicomputer,with over 50,000 systems being sold. The machinebrings computing power to thousands of universities,research labs, and businesses that could not afford mainframes.Designed by Edson deCastro and engineered by GordonBell, the PDP-8 design marked an important milestoneon the road to the desktop PC.• NASA uses an IBM onboard computer to guide Geminiastronauts in their first rendezvous in space.• The potential of the expert system was demonstrated byDendral, a specialized medical diagnostic program thatbegan development by Edward Feigenbaum, Joshua Lederberg,and Bruce Buchanan.• The U.S. Defense Department’s ARPA (Advanced ResearchProjects Agency) sponsored a study of a “co-operative networkof time-sharing computers.” A testbed network wasbegun by connecting a TX-2 minicomputer at MIT via phoneline to a computer at System Development Corporation inSanta Monica, California.• Ted Nelson’s influential vision of universal knowledge sharingthrough computers introduced the term hypertext.1966•••In the first federal case involving computer crime (U.S. v.Bennett), a bank programmer is convicted of altering a bankprogram to allow him to overdraw his account.The first ACM Turing Award is given to Alan Perlis.The New York Stock Exchange automated much of its tradingoperations.1967• The memory cache (a small amount of fast memory usedfor instructions or data that are likely to be needed) wasintroduced in the IBM 360/85 series.