Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology

564 IndexFFacebook 16, 440–441, 487, 494facial scanning 48factories, CAD/CAM in 98–99fail-safe 189, 408Fairchild Semiconductor 4, 85,218, 318fair use 246false color 239, 421false positives, from Bayesianalgorithms 41FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions)470farming 143FAT (file allocation table) 191, 321fat client 89fault coverage testing 395fault tolerance 39, 155, 178,189–190Federal Privacy Act 383–384Federal Wire Act 346Fedora 279feedback 56, 124feedback loop 510feedback system, on eBay 165–166,343, 480Fefferman, Nina 441Feigenbaum, Edward 187, 190Feldman, Julian 190Felt, Dorr E. 70Fermi, Enrico 432ferrite core memory 301Feynman, Richard 329, 395fiber optics 58, 162, 190–191, 356fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) 191fiction, hypertext used for 234Fido BBS 61FidoNet 247FIFO (first in, first out) 60, 138,396Fifth Generation, The (Feigenbaumand McCorduck) 190Fifth Generation ComputerProgram 390file 191–192, 217, 264, 321, 353,410file allocation table (FAT) 191, 321file conversion 135file extensions 192file formats 37, 94–95, 135,163–164file permissions 136–137, 248File & Serve (Lexis) 274file server 107, 192–193, 235,335, 396. See also client-servercomputing; RAIDfile-sharing and P2P networks 193anonymity in 17counterfeit software on 445Electronic FrontierFoundation and 125liability of 246for music and videodistribution 326of protected content 150service providers and 332file transfer protocols (FTP) 193–194, 248, 518film industry and computing 16,104, 194–195Filo, David 379, 422, 523filters, image processing 239financial calculators 195financial software 195fingerprints 48, 49finger scanning 48finite-state machine 195–196, 196,278, 481Fiorina, Carly 515Fios (Verizon) 58, 69, 191Firefly Networks 289Firefox 374–375, 504firewall 100, 111, 196–197, 334FireWire 197, 493First Amendment 124–125, 246“First Draft of a Report on theEDVAC” (von Neumann) 498first fit algorithm 302first in, first out (FIFO) 60, 138,396FISA (Foreign IntelligenceSurveillance Act) 119, 383Fitel 44flag 197–198flaming 17, 83, 114, 331Flash (Macromedia) 4, 20, 32,374, 507flash and smart mobs 198, 407, 477flash drive 37, 198–199, 200, 446,487flash memory 4, 272, 301, 372flatbed scanner 416flat file database model 131flat-panel display 199, 199, 318FLEX 263Flickr 294, 523floating ads 344floating point numbers 338floating-point units (FPUs) 61,138, 305, 323floppy disk 199–200in Apple 519capacity of 74CD-ROM replacement of 74copy protection of 117in IBM PC 236Sony and 445viruses on 111in word processors 516flops 298flowchart 73, 73, 200, 200flow control, in datacommunication 133flowers, robotic 57FLOW-MATIC 90, 231FOIA (Freedom of InformationAct) 173Folding@Home 46–47, 217, 462fonts 3, 110, 143, 200–201, 201,364, 507. See also typography,computerizedforce-feedback systems 221, 496Foreign Intelligence SurveillanceAct (FISA) 119, 383fork statement 113formalism 162formal language 278formatting, of hard disks 222forms 80–81, 256, 470Forster, E.M. 418Forth 201–202, 456FORTRAN 202–203current use of 389development of 404mathematics and 295for mathematics libraries296PL/I and 373procedures in 384professional programmingand 386Fortress 113, 324forums 350forward chaining 188FPS 43fractals in computing 134, 203,203, 295, 401fragmentation 222–223, 302framesin artificial intelligence 27,313of data packets 283in data transmission 133in expert systems 188for knowledge representation266–267for language processing278–279in natural languageprocessing 330frameworks 6, 20, 89, 95, 173. Seealso Microsoft .NETFrank, Barney 346fraud, online 100, 344, 345–346,349, 472. See also identity theftFree Culture (Lessig) 274–275Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)173freedom of speech 124, 125Freescale Semiconductors 320Free Software Foundation 429,456, 477–478, 486Free Speech Movement 378free trade 209–210freeware 104, 293–294, 352,427–428Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)470Fritz 9 84Front Row 357FTP (file transfer protocol) 193–194, 248, 518FTTH (fiber-to-the-home) 191FUD (fear, uncertainty, and doubt)10Fuegelman, Andrew 427Fujitsu 108Full Spectrum Warrior (game) 311functional languages 67, 203–204,286, 338. See also LISPfunctions 384–385in APIs 20, 20binding and 45–46in C 66in C# 67in C++ 68in computer science 109, 110in data abstraction 129in functional languages203–204in Korn shell 429in LISP 281, 389in Lua 286macros and 288–289object-oriented programmingand 339, 443in Plankalkül 526programming languagesand 388recursive 401in Ruby 413in spreadsheets 453for strings 82in structured programming443virtual 88fund-raising 377future event, probability of 40–41Future Shock (Toffler) 432fuzzy logic 204, 337, 356fuzzy set 204Ggain, in DAQ performance 130Galvin Manufacturing Corporation320gambling, online 346–347game consoles 108, 174, 205–206,235, 305. See also Nintendo Wii;PlayStation; XboxGame of Life 28, 75, 75games. See computer games; onlinegamesgame theory 103, 432, 498GAMM (Gesellschaft fürangewandte Mathematik undMechanik) 7Gantt charts 389GarageBand 326garbage collection 224, 281Gardner, Martin 75Garmin 293Garriott, Richard 104Gates, William, III (Bill) 79, 184,206–207, 207, 305–306, 321, 430Gateway 366gateway programs 80gateways 177, 247, 248gauges 129GDI (Graphics Device Interface) 308geeks 378, 515gender diversity 179General Dynamics 320General Electric 509General Motors 183General Public License (GPL3)150, 352, 457, 478General Services Administration79generative grammar 278gene sequencing 46genetic algorithms 8, 28, 75,207–208genetics 27, 46, 188, 262Genghis (robot) 59Geographical Information Systems(GIS) 208–209, 404geometry 295German Aerodynamics ResearchInstitute 525germanium 85Gershenfeld, Neil R. 395Geschke, Charles 3, 379Gesellschaft für angewandteMathematik und Mechanik(GAMM) 7Gibson, William 125, 419. See alsoNeuromancer (Gibson)GIF (graphics interchange format)94, 134, 214gigabyte 51, 298Gilmore, John 124GIS (Geographical InformationSystems) 208–209, 404Gise, Preston 44glare 185global flags 197–198globalization and the computerindustry 179, 209–210, 229, 472Global Positioning System (GPS)209, 292Global System of MobileCommunications (GSM) 436,514global variables 491Gmail 211GNU Linux. See LinuxGNU Project 279, 352, 429, 456,477–478Gnutella 193Go (game) 85Godel, Kurt 295Goldstine, Herman 296, 499Google 210–212advertising business of 344,346, 358blogging and 52censorship in China and 76Cerf at 78in Chinese market 108digital library of 166, 167founding of 57, 358mashups and 294for online research 350