Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology
Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology
Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology
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570 IndexMinard, Joseph 239mind 92–93, 313mind-mapping 441minicomputer 312, 312–313Bell’s work on 41buses in 62business use <strong>of</strong> 64complexity <strong>and</strong> 401–402in computing history 227graphics on 104mainframes <strong>and</strong> 290marketing <strong>of</strong> 106monitors for 317operating systems for 353,410, 485pr<strong>of</strong>essional programmers<strong>of</strong> 386user group for 488minimax theorem 498minorities in computing 515–516Minority Report (film) 384Minsky, Marvin Lee 313in artificial intelligence 26,27, 162at Dartmouth Conference297Kurzweil <strong>and</strong> 268LISP <strong>and</strong> 281neural networks <strong>and</strong>336–337s<strong>of</strong>tware agents <strong>and</strong> 442MIPS 43, 90, 517mirrored hard disk 37, 398MIS (management informationsystem) 110, 171, 291, 291–292MIT (Massachusetts Institute <strong>of</strong><strong>Technology</strong>)Breazeal at 56Brooks at 59Bush at 63Dertouzos at 141Kleinrock at 266Kurzweil at 268Licklider at 277Maes at 289MIT Architecture Machine Group331MIT Artificial IntelligenceLaboratory 59, 289, 313, 336–337, 359, 403, 456MIT Laboratory for <strong>Computer</strong><strong>Science</strong> 141MIT Media Lab 289, 313–314, 314,331, 403, 484Mitnick, Kevin D. 220, 314–315MITS 206, 228, 304, 366, 519Mitsubishi Electric ResearchLaboratories 49ML language 204MLM (multi-level marketing) 345MMORPGs (massively multiplayeronline role-playing games) 347mobile computingbusiness use <strong>of</strong> 64in computing history 229data communications over134e-commerce <strong>and</strong> 169employment in 179h<strong>and</strong>writing recognitionfor 220at “hot spots” 250JavaScript <strong>and</strong> 256keyboards for 265paperless <strong>of</strong>fice <strong>and</strong> 383wireless 514mode 196modeling languages 74, 315modem 315–316b<strong>and</strong>width <strong>of</strong> 38, 298, 335in computer history 228for data communication 133in journalism 259for satellite Internet service416telecommunications <strong>and</strong> 473transfer speed <strong>of</strong> 299moderators 83, 114Modula-2 363, 514Modula-3 514modularization 460Mohr, Manfred 25molecular computing 42, 305,316–317molecular machines 314Mondrian, Piet 25money, digital 146–147Moneymaker, Chris 346money management s<strong>of</strong>tware 195monitor 104–105, 142, 185, 236,272, 317, 317–318. See also flatpaneldisplayMono project 1, 67, 405monospace fonts 201Monster.com 348Monte Carlo simulations 399, 432Moog synthesizer 325Moondust (game) 271Moore, Charles H. 201Moore, Gordon E. 86, 218, 244,318–319Moore’s Law 86, 229, 304, 318MOOs (Muds, Object-Oriented)493Moravec, Hans 28, 59, 411More, Grinell 59Morita, Akio 445morphing 16morphology 270Morris, Robert, Jr. 111Mosaic 322, 503, 518Mosaic Web browser 15MOSFET (Metal OxideSemiconductor Field EffectTransistor) 301Moss, Frank 313motherboard 101, 319Motorola Corporation 320mouse 320, 320–321data acquisition with 129Dynabook <strong>and</strong> 263ergonomics <strong>of</strong> 185graphics tablet <strong>and</strong> 215invention <strong>of</strong> 182in Micros<strong>of</strong>t Windows 308user interface <strong>and</strong> 489movies 16, 104, 194–195MP3 format 448–449MP3 players 327, 327–328. Seealso iPodMPEG (Motion Picture ExpertGroup) 493MPI (Message Passing Interface)303, 324MPI-2 303MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)300MS-DOS 321–322API <strong>of</strong> 354compiling in 97C on 66demons in 141development <strong>of</strong> 353disabled users <strong>and</strong> 151files in 191help systems in 225hypertext on 233in IBM PC 107, 236, 307on laptops 273market entry <strong>of</strong> 107in Micros<strong>of</strong>t success 305in Micros<strong>of</strong>t Windows 307PL/I <strong>and</strong> 374regular expressions in 402shell for 428UNIX <strong>and</strong> 486MSDs (musculo-skeletal disorders)185MSN (Micros<strong>of</strong>t Network) 306, 351MT (machine translation) 270MUDs (Multi-User Dungeons) 104,125, 347, 407, 482, 493M.U.L.E. (game) 174multicore processor 305Multics 353, 409–410, 485multidimensional arrays 24multifunction peripherals 230, 417multi-level marketing (MLM) 345multimedia 322–323Adobe in 4broadb<strong>and</strong> for 58–59codecs for 92in cyberbullying 126digital convergence in 147digital photography in 371in education 99floppy capacity <strong>and</strong> 74graphics in 106hard disk space for 223at home 299library access to 276in Micros<strong>of</strong>t Windows Vista307network <strong>and</strong> 335in presentations 381streaming <strong>of</strong> 458–459multiplayer games 174multiple inheritance 88multiple intelligence agents 92multiplexed transmission 133multiplexing 243multiprocessing 323, 323–324.See also dual-core processors;parallel processingin Ada 2Amdahl’s law <strong>of</strong> 10cache coherency in 70clock speed <strong>and</strong> 90in computer engineering 101in computer science 109in computing history 229in concurrent programming113Intel <strong>and</strong> 245microprocessors for 305in molecular computing 317multitasking compared to325object-oriented programming<strong>and</strong> 341operating system <strong>and</strong> 354quantum processor <strong>and</strong> 395in real-time systems 400scheduling <strong>and</strong> prioritization<strong>and</strong> 418Simula <strong>and</strong> 431in simulations 432in supercomputers 461multiprogramming 324, 353, 354Multipurpose Internet MailExtensions (MIME) 333multitasking 324–325, 325in computer science 109CPU <strong>and</strong> 113DLLs <strong>and</strong> 277document model <strong>and</strong> 160kernel <strong>and</strong> 264in Micros<strong>of</strong>t Windows 308operating system <strong>and</strong> 353preemptive 113scheduling <strong>and</strong> prioritization<strong>of</strong> 417multithreading 305, 325multitouch 19, 364, 466, 478Multi-User Dungeons (MUDs) 104,125, 347, 407, 482, 493musculo-skeletal disorders (MSDs)185Muses 125music, computer 325–326,448–449musical instrument digitalinterface (MIDI) 326musical synthesizer 268–269, 325music <strong>and</strong> video distribution,online 326–327b<strong>and</strong>width <strong>and</strong> 38broadb<strong>and</strong> for 58centralization <strong>and</strong> 440copy protection <strong>and</strong> 148,149–150in Internet growth 248by iTunes 150, 258media center <strong>and</strong> 299multimedia access <strong>and</strong> 322on MySpace 440real-time processing <strong>and</strong> 400streaming for 459music <strong>and</strong> video players, digital19, 108, 258, 327–328, 375, 437,445–446, 449Muslims, extremist 127mutual exclusion 151MYCIN 27MyLifeBits 42My Real Baby (robot) 253MySpace 237, 370, 377, 440–441,487, 494MySQL 132, 352, 455, 468, 511Mythical Man-Month, The (Brooks)386MythTV 299Nnames, in computing 154, 490name server 158namespaces 67Nannycam 504nanotechnology 42, 86, 305,329–330nanotubes 329–330nanowires 330Napier’s bones 70, 226Napoléon I, Russia invaded by239–240Napster 148, 150, 193, 326NAS 152, 192, 335NAT (Network AddressTranslation) 469, 469National Center forSupercomputing Applications(NCSA) 15, 212national ID card 436National <strong>Science</strong> Foundation (NSF)212National Security Agency (NSA)181, 383, 462National Tele-Immersion Initiative272natural language processing (NLP)27, 278, 330–331, 390, 404, 509natural selection, in geneticalgorithms 207nature, fractals in 203Naur, Peter 38navigation systems 71, 209, 211,229, 292–293, 441NCSA (National Center forSupercomputing Applications)15, 212negative feedback 510Negroponte, Nicholas 313–314,331Nelson, Theodore 233
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