Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology

558 Indexdata communications over133in digital divide 149for distance education153–154fiber optic cable for 191firewalls and 196, 197in Internet growth 248ISPs for 252modems and 316net neutrality and 332office applications over 107packet-sniffing and 100streaming and 459telecommunications and 473for videoconferencing 492video distribution and 327for VoIP 497Web page design and 507broadcast journalism 259–260Brooks, Frederick 386Brooks, Rodney 27, 56, 59–60,253, 289, 475browser. See Web browserbrowser history, Ajax pages and 6“brute force” strategy 84–85BSD (Berkeley SoftwareDistribution) UNIX 261, 486bubble sort 447, 447Buckimaster, Jim 120buddy system 302budgeting software 195buffering 60. See also queuein data acquisition 130for graphics display 105in I/O processing 243overflows in 60pointers for 376queue in 396in streaming 459in tape drives 467in video capture 493bugs and debugging 61in C 66CASE tools for 74in compiling 96data and, threat to 36dynamic binding and 46error handling and 186in programming environment388quality assurance and 394risk of 408technical support and 470bulletin board systems (BBS)61–62on ARPANET 247in computer history 228conferencing systems and114cultures of 125cyberspace and 125early use of 11in Internet development 247Rheingold and 407as social networking 440for technical support 470bullet train 408bullying 126bump mapping 106Burks, Arthur 499“Burning Chrome” (Gibson) 419Burroughs 459Burroughs, William 70bus 62, 62–63bits and 51in boot sequence 54in chipset 86clock speed and 90CPU and 304in Ethernet network 283for graphics cards 214in IBM PC 236for I/O processing 242–243for modem 316on motherboard 319in multiprocessing 323in personal computers 228Bush, Vannevar 13, 63, 182, 212,233Bushnell, Nolan 258business applications of computers63–64. See also application suiteblogging in 53in disaster planning andrecovery 152enterprise computing183–184ergonomics and 185financial software and 195groupware in 217Macintosh and 287management informationsystems for 291–292mashups 294online advertising 344–345PCs 366personal informationmanagers 368portals 379project management software389–390SAP software in 415software installation and 244supply chain management462surveillance 383text in 81Web filters 505Business Objects 415Business Software Alliance 445bus mastering 62bus snooping 323“Buy It Now” 165byte 50–51, 51, 52, 204, 298byte code 19, 95, 253Byte magazine 260, 366CC (language) 65–66BASIC and 40bitwise operator symbolsin 52branching statements in 55commenting in 158in computer history 228C shell and 429current use of 389development of 42, 404, 410enumerations in 184–185functions in 385logic errors in 61macros in 288numeric data in 338Pascal and 363Perl and 365PL/I and 374pointers in 375–376porting to C++ 68procedures in 385professional programmingwith 386program libraries in 276recursion in 401strings in 82syntax errors in 61variables in 490, 491viability of 389C# (language) 66, 307C++ (language) 67–69classes in 88commenting in 158compiling 96in computer history 228development of 459–460Eiffel and 173–174enumerations in 184–185error handling in 187inheritance in 340for Internet applicationsprogramming 249Java and 255in Microsoft Windows 309operators in 341Pascal and 363pointers in 376–377procedures in 385program libraries in 276Simula and 431cable modem 38, 58, 69, 162–163,299cache 69–70buffering and 60in chipset 86in client-server computing89in computer engineering 101CPU and 304, 305development of 10for file server 192for hard disks 223in information retrieval 240memory for 301in multiprocessing 323in Web browsers 503CAD/CAM (computer-aided designand manufacturing) 64, 98–99CAI (computer-aided instruction)32, 99, 169, 311calculation speed 298calculator 5, 70–71, 341, 392. Seealso mechanical calculatorcalendaring, in groupware 217call. See procedurescamcorders, digital 372, 446camera-ready copy 142cameras 108, 223, 371–372. Seealso photography, digitalcamouflage 203Campbell, John W. 418cancelbots 451Canion, Rod 184CAN-SPAM Act 370, 451capacitive touchscreens 478capacitors 30Čapek, Carl 410, 418carbon dioxide emissions 216card readers. See punched cardsand paper tapeCareerJournal 348Carnegie Mellon HumanComputation 117Carnegie Mellon University 403Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)185cars and computing 71, 71–72,177, 293cartography 208–209cartridge drives 37, 258, 467,467–468cascading style sheets (CSS) 5–6,72, 72–73, 152, 233, 507case. See branching statementsCASE (computer-aided softwareengineering) 73, 73–74, 200,443Case, Steve 11, 12, 350case statement 55cash, digital 146–147Casino City 346cassette tape 37, 258, 467, 467–468CAT (computerized tomography)scanning 300cataloging, library 275Cate, Fred H. 383cathode ray tube (CRT)in defense computingprojects 212for graphics 104, 105as memory 301in monitors 199, 317for terminals 476CB Simulator 350CBT (computer-aided instruction)32, 99, 169, 311CCM (CORBA Component Model)118CCP (Certified ComputingProfessional) certificate 80CCTV (closed-circuit television)164, 273CDC (Control Data Corporation)99, 121, 227, 323, 461CD copy protection 149–150CDMA (Code DivisionMultiplexing Access) 514CD-ROM and DVD-ROM 74, 74–75in boot sequence 55for data backup 37, 200in game consoles 205in laptops 272lasers for 356multimedia and 322for music files 449reusable media for 216Sony and 446CDT (Center for Democracy andTechnology) 125, 440cell chip 205, 305cell phones. See also smartphonebroadband access through 58by Motorola 320MySpace and 440smartphones and 108texting on 477touchscreens on 478with VoIP 497cell processors 462cells, of memory 224cellular automata 28, 75, 75–76,432, 499. See also Game of Lifecensorship and the Internet 76of blogs 53centralization and 440in China 211, 250encryption and 246policy and 472political extremism and 377Center for Democracy andTechnology (CDT) 125, 440CenterStage 299central computer 154centralization 439–440central processing unit. See CPUCentronics 360Cerf, Vinton D. 78CERN 43, 247, 403certificate, digital 78–79, 79,223–224certification authority 78–79, 79certification of computerprofessionals 79–80, 131, 171,356, 386, 506Certified Computing Professional(CCP) certificate 80Certified Netware Administrator(CNA) certificate 80Certified Netware Engineer (CNE)certificate 80CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) 216CGA (Color Graphics Adapter) 213CGI. See computer graphicsCGI (common gateway interface)80, 80–81, 249, 365, 508