Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology

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spyware and adware 453spreadsheet had come to the forefront, running on MicrosoftWindows. It remains the market leader today.How Spreadsheets WorkA spreadsheet is basically a tabular arrangement of rowsand columns that define many individual cells. Typically,the columns are lettered (A to Z, then AA, AB, and so on)while the rows are numbered. A particular cell is referencedusing its column and row coordinates; thus A1 is the cell inthe upper left corner of the spreadsheet.Any cell can contain a numeric value, a formula, or a label(such as for giving a title to the spreadsheet or some section ofit). Formulas reference the values in other cell locations. Forexample, if the formula =SUM (A1:B1) is inserted into cell C1,when the spreadsheet is calculated the sum of the contents ofcells A1 and B1 will be inserted into C1. Modern spreadsheetslet users select from a variety of functions (predefined formulas)for such things as interest or rates of return. Instead ofhaving to type the individual coordinates of cells to be usedin a formula, he or she can simply click on or drag across thecells to select them. Formulas can also include conditionalevaluation (similar to the If statements found in programminglanguages—see branching statements).Spreadsheets provide a variety of “housekeeping” commandsthat can be used for functions such as copying ormoving a range of cells or “cloning” a cell’s value into arange of cells. Large spreadsheets can be broken down intomultiple linked spreadsheets to make it easier to understandand maintain.Macros offer a powerful way to simplify and automatespreadsheet operations. A macro is essentially a set of programmedinstructions to be carried out by the spreadsheet(see macro). One use of macros is to carry out complicatedprocedures by taking advantage of features similarto those found in programming languages such as VisualBasic. Macros can also be used to automate data entry intothe spreadsheet and validate the data. Depending on theircomplexity, macros can either be typed in as a series ofstatements or recorded as the user takes appropriate menuand mouse actions. “Solver” utilities can also simplify theprocess of tweaking input variables in order to achieve adefined goal. Although spreadsheets can certainly solvemany types of algebraic equations, symbolic manipulationis better handled by programs such as Mathematica (seemathematics software).Besides having extensive graphics and charting capabilities,modern spreadsheets are often part of integratedoffice programs (see application suite). Thus, a MicrosoftExcel spreadsheet could obtain data from an Access databaseand create charts suitable for Web pages or PowerPointpresentations.Further ReadingBalakrishnan, Nagraj, Barry Render, and Ralph M. Stair, Jr. ManagerialDecision Modeling with Spreadsheets. 2nd ed. UpperSaddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2006.Google Docs and Spreadsheets. Available online. URL: http://docs.google.com. Accessed August 22, 2007.Harvey, Greg. Microsoft Office Excel 2007 for Dummies. Hoboken,N.J.: Wiley, 2007.Hayden, Yvonne. So You Need to Make a Spreadsheet: A Quick Startto Microsoft Excel 2003. Chandler, Ariz.: Copadego Publishing,2006.Jelen, Bill, ed. The Spreadsheet at 25: The 25 Year Evolution of theInvention that Changed the World. Uniontown, Ohio: HolyMacro! Books, 2005.Neuwirth, Ertich. “Spreadsheets, Mathematics, Science, andStatistics Education.” Available online. URL: http://sunsite.univie.ac.at/Spreadsite/. Accessed August 22, 2007.spyware and adwareSpyware and adware are two pervasive threats to computerusers. Both are programs that are installed more or lesssurreptitiously, often accompanying an attractive-looking“free” software package or media download. Depending onhow widely it is defined, as many as eight out of 10 PCsmay be infected by some sort of spyware. Signs of infectioncan include the system slowing down or periodically freezing,Web browsers that fail to display the expected homepage or search results, and the appearance of numerousunwanted pop-up windows (a sign of adware).Ranging from least to most harmful, spyware andadware can do the following:• Display annoying advertising that can clog up thescreen or cover up information (some adware can alsobe spyware that uses information about the user to targetadvertising)• Track Web browsing to provide information to sell tomarketers (see cookies)• Obtain personal information for use in identity theft• Install keyloggers (programs that record keystrokes,such as passwords being entered) or other “backdoor” or “trojan” programsStopping SpywareGrowing concern about spyware has prompted the use ofantispyware programs such as Ad-Aware and Spybot-Search& Destroy, as well as a free program from Microsoft. Antispywareprograms are also being included in popular securitysuites from companies such as Symantec and McAfee.The programs work similarly to antivirus programs, watchingfor suspicious behavior or “signatures” matching knownspyware or adware. Depending on the program, the spywarecan be blocked from executing at all or removed fromthe system.The software varies considerably in effectiveness, sousers may have to run several different programs to completelyremove an “infestation.”Spyware has been generally given a lower priority thanviruses or even spam. When challenged, spyware makersgenerally claim that the user authorized its installation (atleast implicitly) by installing the utility or other softwarethat contains it. Although antispyware legislation has beenintroduced in Congress, it has not passed as of mid-2008.However, state officials such as former New York StateAttorney General Eliot Spitzer successfully sued a spywarecompany, winning a $7.5 million settlement.
454 SQLFurther Reading“Antispyware.” PC Magazine. Available online. URL: http://www.pcmag.com/category2/0,1738,1639157,00.asp. Accessed November18, 2007.Chadbrow, Eric. “Spyware and Adware Continue to Plague PCs.”InformationWeek. March 27, 2006. Available online. URL:http://www.informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=183702594. Accessed November 18, 2007.Gregory, Peter H., and Michael A. Simon. Blocking Spam & Spywarefor Dummies. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley, 2005.“Magoo’s Wise Words: Guide to Eliminating Spyware.” Availableonline. URL: http://guides\radified.com/magoo/guides/spyware/remove_spyware_01.htm. Accessed November 18,2007.Shetty, Sachin. “Introduction to Spyware Keyloggers,” April 14,2005. Available online. URL: http://www.securityfocus.com/infocus/1829. Accessed November 18, 2007.SQLStructured query language was originally developed in theearly 1970s as a command interface for IBM mainframedatabases. Today, however, SQL has become the linguaModern spreadsheets have many sophisticated features. Microsoft Excel, for example, has a “Solver” module that can be used to solve for particularvalues or to maximize or minimize specified values.
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Encyclopedia ofComputer scienceand
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C on t e n t sAcknowledgmentsivintr
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I n t r od u c t ion to t h eR e v
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Introduction to the Revised Edition
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AdaAdaStarting in the 1960s, the U.
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Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)Image P
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Algolgrammar of the data-descriptio
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ALUdown into component parts or bui
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10 Amdahl, Gene MyronShanahan, Fran
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12 analog and digitalhistory, bring
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14 Andreessen, MarcCompleted in 193
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16 animation, computerAndreessen tr
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18 APLAPL (a programming language)T
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20 application program interfacerat
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22 application softwareURL: http://
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24 arrayIn languages such as C that
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26 artificial intelligenceby tradit
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28 artificial lifewriters such as V
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30 Atanasoff, John VincentAtanasoff
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32 authoring systemsway”—the se
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34 awkthose found in C. There are a
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36 backup and archive systemsthe ec
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38 Backus-Naur formBackus-Naur form
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40 basic input/output systemdecisio
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42 Bell Laboratoriesand the early a
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44 Bezos, Jeffrey P.use if it is to
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46 bioinformaticsand a hierarchy of
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48 biometricsvariety of biometric s
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50 bitmapped imagesuch tasks as gra
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52 blogs and bloggingThe shift oper
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54 boot sequenceoperators (called B
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Brooks, Rodney 59such as Flickr and
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66 CTotal = Total + 1;Total += 1;To
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68 C++While attracted to the advant
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70 calculatorthe location of the ca
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72 cascading style sheetsMojave Des
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74 CD-ROM and DVD-ROM“rapid proto
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76 censorship and the InternetIn 20
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78 central processing unitcentral p
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80 CGIIn a newly emerging sector th
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82 characters and stringsAs compute
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84 chess and computersOne of the be
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86 chipsetattached to the silicon s
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90 clock speedSinclair, Joseph T.,
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92 codecMurcah, Mike, Anne Prince,
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94 COMcommon object request broker
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96 compilersuch as a keyword (reser
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98 computer-aided design and manufa
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100 computer crime and securitycomp
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102 computer forensicsa device proc
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104 computer graphicsthe same time,
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106 computer industryso on). By cre
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108 computer industrypackages serve
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110 computer virus• What is the b
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112 computer visionsense on the par
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114 conferencing systemsFeldman, Mi
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116 cookiesunlike most traditional
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118 CORBA“activation” or “val
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120 CraigslistMano, M. Morris, and
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122 CRMtasks can be assigned to dif
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124 cyberneticsMany issues regardin
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126 cyberstalking and harassmentThe
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DdataToday the term data is associa
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130 database administrationsignal m
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132 database management systemMicro
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134 data compressionlocal network,
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136 data securityparticular purpose
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138 data typeswhile a list has one
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140 Dell, Inc.User Interface—The
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142 design patternsdesign patternsD
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144 device driverOne Laptop per Chi
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146 digital cashcould be worked bac
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148 digital dashboardThe ownership
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150 Dijkstra, Edsger W.discs. A big
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152 disaster planning and recoveryT
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154 distributed computingAnother wa
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156 DNSCSCUCVCXCYCZDEDJDKDMDODZECEE
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158 documentation of program codewi
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160 document modelSociety for Techn
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162 DRMresearchers. For example, Al
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164 DVRMPEG file) that is fully com
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166 e-books and digital librariesha
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168 e-commerceRemington Rand. Worki
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170 education and computersApplicat
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172 e-governmentlenges face educati
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174 Electronic Artsteaching softwar
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176 e-maillanguages. However this c
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178 employment in the computer fiel
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180 encapsulationconsist of a combi
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182 Engelbart, DouglasEngelbart, Do
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184 entrepreneurs in computinganaly
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186 error correctionSalvendy, Gavri
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188 expert systemsAnatomy of an Exp
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190 Feigenbaum, Edwardhttp://hissa.
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192 file serverdata integrity. Vers
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194 film industry and computingImpl
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196 firewallcontrolled by a state t
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198 flash and smart mobs(or even pr
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200 flowchartused to hold data. The
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202 FORTRANearly days of microcompu
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204 fuzzy logicdefining and arrangi
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206 Gates, William, IIIGame console
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208 Geographical Information System
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210 Google• downward wage pressur
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212 government funding of computer
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214 graphics formatsof objects so t
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216 grid computingoff. By 2000, vir
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218 Grove, Andrew S.Cavalancia, Nic
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220 handwriting recognitionand othe
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222 hard disk• remote surgery, wh
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224 health, personalTo search a has
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226 history of computingFurther Rea
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228 history of computingThe most st
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230 home officeFacing vigorous comp
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232 HTML, DHTML, and XHTMLFurther R
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234 hypertext and hypermediaImpleme
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236 IBM PCFurther ReadingBashe, Cha
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238 identity theftfrom meetings to
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240 information retrievalinvasion o
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242 information warfareShannon foun
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244 installation of softwareinstall
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246 internationalization and locali
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248 Internettransmission of a messa
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250 Internet censorshipDunaev, Serg
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252 interpreterconsidered to be ISP
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JJavaJava is a computer language si
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256 JavaScriptIn 2006 Sun Microsyst
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258 Jobs, Steven Paulan enthusiasti
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260 journalism and the computer ind
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262 Joy, Billwho will be unable to
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264 kernelcould send a message to t
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266 knowledge representationattende
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268 Kurzweil, RayFurther ReadingFre
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LLAN See local area network.languag
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272 laptop computerapplications for
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274 Lessig, Lawrencepleadings and o
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276 library, programadditional copi
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278 linguistics and computingIn his
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280 LISPA Linux system running Open
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282 list processinga rich variety o
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284 Logoa checksum, and two special
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286 LuaNext CharValHere Char$ is a
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288 macroMacDailyNews. Available on
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290 mainframeMaes has participated
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292 map information and navigation
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294 mashupsbefore you buy” softwa
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296 Mauchly, John WilliamMoving fro
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298 measurement units used in compu
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300 medical applications of compute
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302 memory managementTom’s Hardwa
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304 microprocessorMicroprocessor de
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306 Microsoft .NETbrowser had broug
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308 Microsoft WindowsIntroduced in
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310 middlewareBott, Ed, Carl Sieche
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312 minicomputer“How Military Rob
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314 Mitnick, Kevin D.———. “
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316 molecular computingdevice could
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318 Moore, Gordon E.only one gun, w
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320 Motorola CorporationMotorola Co
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322 multimediaa maximum of 640 kB o
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324 multitasking“local” memory
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326 music and video distribution, o
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328 music and video players, digita
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330 natural language processingplac
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332 Net Neutrality• Do not post b
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334 networkGoogle Groups, is the be
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336 neural networkwebmd.com/stroke/
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338 numeric dataselect customer whe
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340 object-oriented programmingPARC
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342 Omidyar, Pierreprovided for typ
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344 online advertisingnew structure
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346 online gamblingand agencies suc
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348 online investingThe close and g
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350 online servicesand drugs. The s
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352 open-source movementopen-source
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354 operators and expressionsOperat
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356 optical computingA more general
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PPage, Larry(1973- )AmericanEntrepr
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360 parallel porthis work. Papert l
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362 PascalLevine, John R., Tony Mas
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364 PDATheodoridis, Sergios, and Ko
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366 personal computerConway, Damian
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368 personal information managercom
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370 phishing and spoofing“Phishin
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372 PHPeach of the three RGB colors
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374 Plug and PlayImpact of the Lang
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376 pointers and indirectionA point
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378 popular culture and computingHo
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380 presentation softwareDeclineBy
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382 printersarray of magnetically c
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384 procedures and functionsagencie
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386 programming as a professioncalc
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388 programming languagesprogrammer
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390 PrologGiven the scope and pace
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392 punched cards and paper tapepun
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Qquality assurance, softwareModern
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396 queueIn an empty queue, the hea
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400 recursionand with the potential
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Page 423 and 424: 410 roboticsMac. The MIT computer s
Page 425 and 426: 412 RPGHenderson, Harry. Modern Rob
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Page 431 and 432: 418 science fiction and computingre
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Page 463 and 464: 450 Spafford, Eugene H.and computer
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Page 471 and 472: 458 Stoll, CliffordCharles Babbage
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Page 493 and 494: 480 trends and emerging technologie
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504 webcamabout a 75 percent market
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506 Web page design• fluency in t
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508 Web servicesWhen a user types i
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510 Wiener, Norbertcomplexity . . .
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512 wikis and WikipediaWiki softwar
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514 Wirth, NiklausMobile Wireless N
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516 word processingto promote netwo
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518 World Wide WebBy the beginning
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XXMLSeveral markup languages have b
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YY2K problemSherlock Holmes once re
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524 YouTube• excessive time spent
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526 Zuse, Konradneeded would make t
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528 Appendix IRed Herring: The Busi
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530 Appendix IIing company (CTR) in
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532 Appendix II• Users of the new
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534 Appendix II••ibm developed
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536 Appendix II• Bill Gates and P
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538 Appendix II• A consortium cal
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540 Appendix II• Apple released o
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Appendix IIISome Significant Awards
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544 Appendix III1993 Juris Harmanis
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546 Appendix III1972 Paul E. Dirkse
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548 Appendix IIIJohn W. BackusRober
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550 Appendix IIIsity of Manchester
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552 Appendix IIIthereby enhancing A
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554 Appendix IVInternational Webmas
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556 IndexAnalytical Engine 35-36, 3
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558 Indexdata communications over13
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560 Indexgraphics in 106, 194haptic
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562 IndexDertouzos, Michael L. 141D
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564 IndexFFacebook 16, 440-441, 487
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566 IndexIDNA (Internationalizing D
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568 Indexin open-source movement352
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570 IndexMinard, Joseph 239mind 92-
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572 IndexOnStar 71ontologies and da
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574 Indexin object-orientedprogramm
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576 Indexsequential calculator 5ser
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578 Indexterminals in 475-476user i
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580 Indexdatabases in 132developmen
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