Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology
Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology
Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology
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Index 577Spitzer, Eliot 453spo<strong>of</strong>ing. See phishing <strong>and</strong> spo<strong>of</strong>ingspool. See bufferingsports betting 346spreadsheet 452–453, 454. See alsoLotus 1-2-3; Micros<strong>of</strong>t Excel;VisiCalcfor business data processing64early market for 206mathematics with 295in <strong>of</strong>fice automation 342PC <strong>and</strong> 366as personal informationmanager 368statistical analysis with 458templates for 475sprites 16Sproull, Bob 463SPSS 458Spybot Search & Destroy 453spyware <strong>and</strong> adware 111, 344–345,384, 453–454SQL (Structured Query Language)454–455, 455computer science in 110for database management132for data warehouse 139for information retrieval 241Oracle <strong>and</strong> 356procedures <strong>and</strong> 337Squeak 264, 434SRI (Stanford Research Institute)320SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) 503stack 456abstract 129in C 67in C++ 68as data structure 138in Forth 201queue <strong>and</strong> 396in recursion 401Stafford-Fraser, Quentin 504Stalkerati 441stalking 100, 126, 248, 252, 523Stallman, Richard 150, 279, 352,456–457St<strong>and</strong>ard Generalized MarkupLanguage (SGML) 232, 520st<strong>and</strong>ards in computing 457Stanford Artificial IntelligenceLaboratory (SAIL) 59, 145, 403Stanford Cart 59, 411Stanford Knowledge SystemsLaboratory 403Stanford Research Institute (SRI)320, 411Stanford Robotics Laboratory 403Stanley (car) 71–72Starflight (game) 174StarLogo 285star network 283, 283Star Office 352state-based devices 195static array 24static RAM 301static variables 491statistics <strong>and</strong> computing 270, 271,296, 330, 420, 441, 457–458stepper motor 222stepwise refinement 460Sterling, Bruce 125Steve Jackson Games 124–125Stockhausen, Karlheinz 325stock trading 348Stoll, Clifford 170, 440, 458, 494storage, networked 152, 192, 335storage area network (SAN) 192,335storage media 191stored program 227storyboarding 194Strategic Air Comm<strong>and</strong> (SAC) 311Strategic Air Ground Environment(SAGE) 104, 139, 212, 235, 311strategic planning 291stratification 439streaming 458–459buffering in 60codecs for 92digital convergence <strong>and</strong> 147in Internet growth 248<strong>of</strong> Internet radio 251<strong>of</strong> multimedia 322network <strong>and</strong> 335real-time processing <strong>and</strong> 400<strong>of</strong> television episodes326–327stress gauges 129STRETCH 10string-oriented languages 82–83strings. See characters <strong>and</strong> stringsstriping 398Stroustrup, Bjarne 67, 341, 459,459–460struct 65, 138structured data types 138structured programming 460. Seealso Algol; C (language); Pascalwith Ada 2BASIC <strong>and</strong> 40C++ <strong>and</strong> 459COBOL <strong>and</strong> 91in computer science 109in computing history 228Dijkstra <strong>and</strong> 151documentation in 159encapsulation in 180FORTRAN <strong>and</strong> 202Pascal. See Pascalin s<strong>of</strong>tware engineering 443subroutines <strong>and</strong> 180variables in 491Structured Query Language. SeeSQLstyles 72subatomic particles 395–396subprograms. See proceduressubrange 185subroutine. See proceduressubscripts, in arrays 23, 24substitution ciphers 180substrate 85Sun Labs 463Sun Microsystems 113, 146, 255–256, 261, 324, 460–461SunOS 461Sun SPARC (Scalable ProcessorARChitecture) 402, 460–461,517supercomputer 461, 461–462benchmarks for 43cell chip for 205cluster computing as 217in computing history 227Cray’s work with 121–122government funding <strong>of</strong> 212grid computing as 216Prolog used in 390Superfund Program 216Super Mario Brothers (game) 205Super Socket 7 chipset architecture86Super VGA (SVGA) 213supply chain management 64, 415,462–463support groups, online 367Suraski, Zeev 372surface acoustic wave (SAW) 478surfing 422SurfWatch 505surgery 300surveillancebiometrics with 49in computer attacks 100in counterterrorism 118–119Electronic FrontierFoundation <strong>and</strong> 125with Google Earth 292image processing in 239in law enforcement 273privacy <strong>and</strong> 383surveys 441Sutherl<strong>and</strong>, Ivan Edward 463SVGA (Super VGA) 213swapfile 302Swift, Jonathan 418Swiss Federal Institute <strong>of</strong><strong>Technology</strong> (ETH) 362switch. See branching statementsswitched Ethernet systems 283switch statement 55Swoogle 424Symbian 437symbolic assembler 29symbolic programming 29symbolists 93symmetric multiprocessing (SMP)323synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) 301synchronous processes 154syntax error 61synthesizer, musical 268–269, 325system administrator 178, 421, 464system chart 200system clock 90systems analyst 464systems programming 29, 65, 67,464–465System X 217SYSTRAN 271Ttables, in relational databases 131tablet PC 221, 466tabulating machine 229, 230, 294,341, 392“Tactical Iraqi” (game) 311Tagged Image File Format (TIFF)215tags, markup 232, 520TAI (<strong>Technology</strong> AchievementIndex) 143T<strong>and</strong>y 228tape drives 37, 258, 467, 467–468Tapscott, Don 524tasks, in groupware 217tax-avoidance schemes 345tax returns 79, 172, 195Tcl 468TCP (Transmission ControlProtocol) 469TCP/IP 468–470, 469Cisco’s work on 87in computer science 110development <strong>of</strong> 78DNS in 155e-mail <strong>and</strong> 177in Internet 247Internet <strong>and</strong> 518for local area networks 284for networks 334UNIX support for 261Web server <strong>and</strong> 508TD Ameritrade 348technical publishing 159technical support 140, 178, 210,230, 470–471technical writing 471–472. See alsodocumentation; documentation<strong>of</strong> program codetechnological singularity 269,432–433<strong>Technology</strong> Achievement Index(TAI) 143technology policy 472<strong>Technology</strong>-Related AssistanceAct 152Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre 369telecommunications 110, 472–473,496–497Telecommunications Act 473telecommuting 473–474telegraph 383, 493telephone 38, 58, 69, 266, 314, 383,496. See also modemtelepresence 300, 411, 474, 474–475. See also videoconferencingtelerobotics 474–475, 496teletex 168Teletype 151, 265, 381, 476television 163–164, 194television networks, onlinedistribution by 326–327telnet 248, 476template 68, 88, 96, 98, 112, 355,475terabyte 51, 298TeraGrid 217Termin, Lev 325terminal 475–476terminate <strong>and</strong> stay resident (TSR)function 321terrorism. See cyberterrorismTexas Instruments 85TeX system 267text editor 110, 387, 476, 517. Seealso word processingtexting 113, 126, 198, 477, 494,523text-to-speech s<strong>of</strong>tware 151texture mapping 106TFT (thin film transistor) 199Therac 25 408thermistors 129thermocouples 129thermostats 124thin client 89thin film transistor (TFT) 199Thinking Machines Inc. (TMI) 461Thompson, Ken 261, 409–410,429, 485Thomson, James 13Thomson, William (Lord Kelvin)13THOR 297threads 61, 113, 154, 201, 324, 3533D graphics 213–2143DMark 433DO 1743G (third generation) 58, 514three laws <strong>of</strong> robotics 418, 433thumb drive 37, 198–199, 200,446, 487thumb tribes 198TiddlyWiki 511TIFF (Tagged Image File Format)215Time Machine 357Time magazine 207time series analysis 458time-sharingBASIC <strong>and</strong> 40in computer-aidedinstruction 99e-mail for 176–177government funding for 212hackers <strong>and</strong> 219Licklider’s work in 278mainframes <strong>and</strong> 290McCarthy’s work on 297shell <strong>and</strong> 428
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