Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology

218 Grove, Andrew S.Cavalancia, Nick. Microsoft Exchange Server 2007: A Beginner’sGuide. 2nd ed. Berkeley, Calif.: McGraw-Hill Osborne Media,2007.Google Apps. Available online. URL: https://www.google.com/a/.Accessed August 5, 2007.Gookin, Dan. Google Apps for Dummies. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley,2008.Morimoto, Rand, et al. Microsoft Exchange Server 2007 Unleashed.Indianapolis: Sams, 2007.Munkvold, Bjorn Erik, et al. Implementing Collaboration Technologiesin Industry. New York: Springer, 2003.Udell, Jon. Practical Internet Groupware. Sebastapol, Calif.:O’Reilly, 1999.Grove, Andrew S.(1936– )Hungarian-AmericanEntrepreneurAndrew Grove is a pioneer in the semiconductor industryand builder of Intel, the corporation whose processors nowpower the majority of personal computers. Grove was bornAndrás Gróf on September 2, 1936, in Budapest to a Jewishfamily. Grove’s family was disrupted by the German occupationof Hungary later in World War II. Andrew’s father wasconscripted into a work brigade and then into a Hungarianformation of the German army. Andrew and his mother,Maria, had to hide from the Nazi roundup in which manyHungarian Jews were sent to death in concentration camps.Although the family survived and was reunited after thewar, Hungary had come under Soviet control. Andrew, now20, believed his freedom and opportunity would be verylimited, so he and a friend made a dangerous border crossinginto Austria. Grove came to the United States, wherehe lived with his uncle in New York and studied chemicalengineering. He then earned his Ph.D. at the University ofCalifornia at Berkeley and became a researcher at FairchildSemiconductor in 1963 and then assistant director of developmentin 1967. He soon became familiar with the earlywork toward what would become the integrated circuit, keyto the microcomputer revolution that began in the 1970sand wrote a standard textbook (Physics and Technology ofSemiconductor Devices).In 1968, however, he joined colleagues Robert Noyce andGordon Moore in leaving Fairchild and starting a new company,Intel. Grove switched from research to management,becoming Intel’s director of operations. He established amanagement style that featured what he called “constructiveconfrontation”—a vigorous, objective discussion whereopposing views could be aired without fear of reprisal. Critics,however, sometimes characterized the confrontationsas more harsh than constructive.Grove became a formidable competitor. In the late 1970s,it was unclear whether Intel (maker of the 8008, 8080, andsubsequent processors) or Motorola (with its 68000 processor)would dominate the market for microprocessors to runthe new desktop computers. Grove emphasized the trainingand deployment of a large sales force, and by the time theIBM PC debuted in 1982, it and its imitators would all bepowered by Intel chips.During the 1980s, Grove would be challenged to beadaptable when Japanese companies eroded Intel’s share ofthe DRAM (memory) chip market, often “dumping” productbelow their cost. Grove decided to get Intel out of thememory market, even though it meant downsizing the companyuntil the growing microprocessor market made up forthe lost revenues. In 1987, Grove had weathered the stormand become Intel’s CEO. He summarized his experience ofthe rapidly changing market with the slogan “only the paranoidsurvive.”During the 1990s, Intel introduced the popular Pentiumline, having to overcome mathematical flaws in the first versionof the chip and growing competition from AdvancedMicro Devices (AMD) and other companies that made chipscompatible with Intel’s. Grove also had to fight prostatecancer, apparently successfully, and relinquished his CEOtitle in 1998, remaining chairman of the board.Through several books and numerous articles, Grove hashad considerable influence on the management of modernelectronics manufacturing. He has received many industryawards, including the IEEE Engineering Leadership Recognitionaward (1987), and the AEA Medal of Achievementaward (1993). In 1997, he was CEO of the Year (CEO magazine)and Time magazine’s Man of the Year.Further Reading“Andy Grove.” Intel. Available online. URL: http://www.intel.com/pressroom/kits/bios/grove.htm. Accessed August 5, 2007.Grove, Andrew S. High Output Management. 2nd ed. New York:Vintage Books, 1995.———. One-on-One with Andy Grove. New York: Putnam, 1987.———. Only the Paranoid Survive. New York: Currency Doubleday,1996.Tedlow, Richard S. Andrew Grove: The Life and Times of an American.New York: Penguin/Portfolio, 2006.