Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology

Index 573in client-server computing89computer-aided instructionon 99in computing history 228in data acquisition 130by Dell 140in desktop publishing 142as DVR 163–164entrepreneurship in 184file servers and 192fingerprint readers on 49graphics on 105, 213–214,322help systems for 225in home office 230Kay and 263Linux offered for 306mainframes and 290marketing of 106–107McCarthy and 297as media center 299microprocessors in 304minicomputer and 312motherboard in 319, 319in office automation 342operating systems for 353podcasts on 375in popular culture 378professional programmersof 386publications on 260RISC processors in 402sales of 108software marketed for 293standards for 457statistical analysis with 458tablet 221, 466as terminal 476UNIX and 486user groups for 488user interfaces for 488–489virtual memory in 302in wireless network 513personal data management 42personal digital assistant. See PDApersonal finance software 39personal health informationmanagement 300–301, 367–368, 436personal information manager(PIM) 368–369, 389, 437, 466personal robots 314PERT (Program Evaluation andReview Technique) 389Pet 228PET (positron emissiontomography) 300PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) 181,383pharming 370phenomenology 162philosophical and spiritual aspectsof computing 28, 148, 237, 369phishing and spoofing 369–371anonymity of 17banks and 39in e-commerce 168fraud from 345by hackers 220identity theft from 238information collection from384in information warfare 242Internet growth and 248spam and 451viruses spread by 111phoneme 452phone phreaks 314Phong shading 106phosphors 105photography, digital 239, 275, 371,371–372, 382. See also digitalcameras; video editing, digital;Web camphotonic crystal 191Photoshopart and 25, 25in desktop publishing 143for image processing 4, 239on Macintosh 287memory for 301for photo editing 372plug-ins for 374photosites 371photovoltaic cells 42PHP 372–373PHP Extension and ApplicationRepository (PEAR) 373physical layer 334Physical Symbol System Hypothesis93Piaget, Jean 284, 359Picospan 114picture frames, electronic 484PIM (personal informationmanager) 368–369, 389, 437,466Pinball Construction Set (game)174pipelining 101, 305, 402pipes, in software engineering 73piracy. See software piracy andcounterfeitingPitts, Walter 336, 510–511pivot 447Pixar 258pixelsin bitmaps 50, 214in CRTs 317, 318in digital photography 371in GIFs 214in graphics 105, 214in LCD displays 199PKZip 428plain old telephone service (POTS)162, 473Plan 9 410Plankalkül 526PLATO (Programmed Logic forAutomatic Teaching Operations)99, 114, 153, 169, 322, 347Plato Notes 114platters, in hard disks 222, 222PlayStation 446PlayStation 2 205PlayStation 3 108, 205, 305, 462PL/I 373–374Plug and Play (PnP) 50, 63, 144–145, 244, 374, 487plug-in 19–20, 79, 374–375, 459,493, 504, 518P-machine 252–253podcasting 19, 251, 375pointers 375–377, 376addressing and 3in Algol 7in arrays 24in binary trees 479in buffering 60in C 65in C# 67Java and 255in list processing 282logical errors in 61in memory allocation 224in procedures 385in queues 396, 396–397variables and 490pointing devices 185POKE 40poker, online 346political activism and the Internet377–378democracy and 439flash and smart mobs 198journalism and 259–260Lessig and 275podcasts 375user-created content in 487YouTube and 524political policy 472polling 243poll-taking 441pollution 216polymerase chain reaction (PCR)316polymorphism 45–46, 340–341polynomial period of time 98Pong (game) 205pooled buffer 60popular culture and computing378–379, 418–419, 496pop-under ads 344pop-up ads 344pornography 76, 193, 505, 523port 303portability 94–95, 135, 465portable computers. See also laptopcomputers; mobile computing;PDA; smartphoneglobal market for 108handwriting recognitionfor 220“hot spots” and 250identity theft from 238market entry of 107medical use of 300military use of 310Web browsers on 504wireless access for 514portable document format. See PDFportal 350, 379, 422, 523Portland Pattern Repository 122port numbers 469port scanning 196positive feedback 510positron emission tomography(PET) 300POSIX 429POST (power-on self test) 49, 54postal mail 177POS terminal 89postfix notation 201PostScript 3, 180, 201, 202, 214,364, 379–380poststructuralism 482posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD) 311POTS (plain old telephone service)162, 473, 496PowerBook 18, 273PowerPC chip 245, 288, 320precedence, of operators 355Predator 311predicate calculus 266predictability, fractals and 203preemptive multitasking 113,324–325Premiere 493Premiere (Adobe) 493preprocessor directives 66presentation layer 334presentation software 32, 64, 380,380–381, 492. See also MicrosoftPowerPointpresidential election 175, 227, 296,392, 438pressure, haptic interfaces and 221pressure gauges 129Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) 181,383Primavera Project Planner 390primitives 18printed circuit board (PCB) 85printers 381, 381–383. See also dotmatrixprinters; inkjet printer;laser printerBraille from 151in desktop publishing 142device driver for 144for digital photos 372parallel port for 360PostScript for 379–380for SOHO market 230standard for 457toner cartridges for 216print journalism 259–260print spooler demon 140, 396prior art 245prioritization 389, 417–418privacy in the digital age 383–384advocacy groups for 125anonymity and 17avatars and 237–238banking and 39biometrics and 49centralization and 440Clipper Chip and 146computer crime and 101cookies and 116counterterrorism and 119in CRM 123data mining and 136e-commerce and 168e-government and 173encryption and 181Google Earth and 211,292–293Google Maps and 423Internet growth and 248ISPs and 252law enforcement and 273medical information and 300network PCs and 367online advertising and 345online backup servicesand 37policy on 472RFID and 406risk and 408smart cards and 436social networking and 441ubiquitous computing and484user-created content and487Privacy in the Information Age(Cate) 383Privacy on the Line (Diffie andLandau) 146private class variables 88private key cryptography 146,180–181, 181probability 40–41, 241, 270, 296,389probes, in space exploration 449problem solving, design patternsin 142Probst, Larry 174procedural languages 138, 282,337, 388. See also C (language)Procedure division 91procedures 384–385in Algol 7in BASIC 40, 88in classes 88in COBOL 91in computer science 109,110encapsulation and 180in Logo 284–285macros and 288–289in mathematics software 296