Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology

typography, computerized 483future, Turkle suggests that the boundary between cyberspaceand so-called real life is vanishing, forcing people toconfront the question of what “reality” means. Meanwhile,she remains concerned about the paradox in which peoplemay be becoming at once more connected and more alienatedthan ever before.Turkle married artificial intelligence pioneer and educatorSeymour Papert; the marriage ended in divorce. Shecontinues today at MIT as a professor of the sociology ofscience and as director of the MIT Initiative on Technologyand Self. She has received a number of fellowships, includinga Rockefeller Foundation fellowship (1980), a Guggenheimfellowship (1981), Fellow of the American Associationfor the Advancement of Science (1992), and World EconomicForum Fellow (2002).In 1984 Turkle was selected Woman of the Year by Ms.magazine, and she has made a number of other lists ofinfluential persons such as the “Top 50 Cyber Elite” of TimeDigital (1997) and Time Magazine’s Innovators of the Internet(2000).Further Reading“Sherry Turkle” [Home page]. Available online. URL: http://web.mit.edu/sturkle/www/. Accessed November 29, 2007.Turkle, Sherry. “Can You Hear Me Now?” Forbes, May 7, 2007, p.176.———. Evocative Objects: Things We Think With. Cambridge,Mass.: MIT Press, 2007.———. Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet. NewYork: Simon and Schuster, 1995.———. The Second Self: Computers and the Human Spirit. NewYork: Simon and Schuster, 1984.typography, computerizedThe more than five-century-old art of typography (thedesign, arrangement, and setting of printing type) wastransformed in the latter part of the 20th century by digitaltechnology. With the exception of some traditional pressesdevoted to the fine book market, nearly all type used todayis designed and set by computer.Most users are familiar with the typefaces distributedwith their operating system and software, such as the popularAdobe and TrueType (see Adobe systems and font).Many such font designs are based on (and sometimes namedafter) traditional typefaces, modified for readability usingtypical displays and printers.For control of composition, there are three overlappinglevels of software, ranging from easiest to use (but mostlimited) to most complex, versatile, and precise. Modernword processors such as Microsoft Word and Open Officeprovide enough control for many types of shorter documents(see word processing). Desktop publishing softwareadds facilities suitable for layout of fliers, brochures,newsletters, and similar publications that often mix textand graphics (see desktop publishing).More elaborate documents such as books, magazines,and newspapers require more sophisticated facilitiesto control the layout and flow of text. Some traditionalchoices include LaTex (for the Tex typesetting program),used particularly by scientists and other academics, andthe older troff and its offshoots on UNIX systems. Morerecent programs include Quark, FrameMaker, PageMaker,and InDesign. Related utilities often used in digital typographyinclude font editors (for design and modification) andutilities to convert fonts from one format to another.Further ReadingBringhurst, Robert. The Elements of Typographic Style. Version 3.0.Point Roberts, Wash.: Hartley & Marks, 2004.Ellison, Andy. The Complete Guide to Digital Type: Creative Use ofTypography in the Digital Arts. New York: Collins Design, 2004.FontLab. Available online. URL: http://www.fontlab.com/i.Accessed November 30, 2007.FontSite: Digital Typography & Design. Available online. URL:http://www.fontsite.com/. Accessed November 30, 2007.Knuth, Donald E. Computers and Typesetting. 5 vols. Upper SaddleRiver, N.J.: Addison-Wesley Professional, 2001.Page Layout Programs. Aeonix Publishing Group. Availableonline. URL: http://www.aeonix.com/pagelay.htm. AccessedNovember 30, 2007.Troff: The Text Processor for Typesetters. Available online. URL:http://troff.org/. Accessed November 30, 2007.