Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology

560 Indexgraphics in 106, 194haptic interfaces for 221Lua for 286natural language processingin 330in popular culture 378random number generationfor 399simulation in 432virtual reality as 496computer graphics 104–106, 105.See also animation, computer;image processinganimated 507on Apple II 258benchmarks for 43color in 93–94compression of 134, 203computer science in 110in education 99in games 103, 104geometry in 295graphics cards for 213–214Macintosh for 287measurement units for 298monitor for 317scheduling algorithms and418in scientific applications420–421Sutherland’s work on 4633D 213–214in virtual reality 496in Web page design 507on workstations 517Computer History Museum 42computer industry 106–109certification in 80entrepreneurs of 184establishment of 227globalization and 108,209–210hackers in 219journalism and. Seejournalismnanotechnology in 329–330computerized tomography (CAT)scanning 300computerized typography 267,483. See also fontscomputer languages. Seeprogramming languagescomputer literacy 109, 148–149,170, 171, 225Computer-MediatedCommunications (CMC) 113computer music 325–326,448–449computer platforms 41Computer Power and Human Reason(Weizenbaum) 509–510computer professionals,certification of 79–80Computer Professionals against theABM 510Computer Professionals for SocialResponsibility (CPSR) 438computer programming. Seeprogrammingcomputer research, governmentfunding of 212–213, 404, 462,472computersBoolean logic in 54dependency on 439development of 226Eckert’s work on 167–168energy consumption of215–216e-waste from 216government-funded 212greenhouse emissions and216invention of 30for modeling cognition 92pollution from 216recycling of 140resource consumption of 216in science fiction 418–419self-replicating 329switches in 295Turing machines equivalentto 97Computers and Thought(Feigenbaum and Feldman,eds.) 190computer science 7–8, 109–110,124, 138, 171, 277, 294–295. Seealso education in computer fieldComputer Science Corporation(CSC) 293Computer Society of the Instituteof Electrical and ElectronicsEngieers 404computer technicians 108computer theory 109Computer Usage Corporation(CUC) 293computer virus 110–112data and 36in denial-of-service attacks100e-mail and 177identity theft from 238Internet growth and 248Microsoft Windows and 309Spafford’s work on 450from spam 451user status and 137computer vision 27, 112, 363, 411Computerworld 260computing 313, 314Computing Research Association(CRA) 404Computing Technology IndustryAssociation (CompTIA) 80concurrent programming 112–114,154, 263conditionals 204conferencing, video 83, 322, 342,474, 492–493, 497. See alsotelepresenceconferencing systems 114–115,125, 407, 440, 474confidence factors 188confrontation, constructive 218congruential algorithm 399connectionists 93Connection Machines 461consciousness 369Consolidated Controls 182constants 115constructive confrontation 218constructivist learning 144, 284,359constructor function 88, 340consumer electronics 19, 140, 445.See also specific typesconsumer privacy 383–384container 92, 160content management 115–116, 179content management systems(CMS) 115, 132Content Scrambling System (CSS)149contextual advertising 211Control Data Corporation (CDC)99, 121, 227, 323, 461controls, in Microsoft Windows 308control structures. See alsobranching statements; loopin Ada 2in Algol 7in awk 33–34in BASIC 40in C 65in Pascal 514in PL/I 373in pseudocode 390–391in scripting languages 421in shell scripting 429in structured programming443in Tcl 468in Z3 525control unit 119–120, 120Conway, John 28, 75cookies 116, 211, 384, 453cooperative processing 116–117,155, 462cooperative programs 117co-ops 143Copernic 423, 423coprocessor 243, 304copyleft 352copy protection 117–118. See alsodigital rights managementcyberlaw and 123in data security 130digital convergence and 148of digital libraries 167digital rights management for149–150in e-books 166file-sharing networks and193First Amendment and 246hacking 219–220reverse engineering and 405copyright 245, 275, 445CORBA (Common Object RequestBroker Architecture) 89, 118,154, 310CORBA Component Model (CCM)118Corel Draw 143Core Service Technician exam 80Corley, Eric 246Corning 191correspondence classes 153counterculture 378counterfeiting 166, 436. Seealso software piracy andcounterfeitingcounterterrorism and computers118–119, 127, 220country codes, for DNS 155–157Count Zero (Gibson) 220CourseBuilder (Discovery Systems)32CPAN (Comprehensive PerlArchive Network) 365CP/Mdevelopment of 353in microcomputers 236, 366Microsoft and 206MS-DOS and 321UNIX and 486word processing on 516Xmodem for 194CPSR (Computer Professionals forSocial Responsibility) 438CPU (central processing unit)35, 119–120, 120. See alsomicroprocessorarithmetic logic unit in 23benchmarks for 43bits and 51cache for 60, 69–70chips for 86in concurrent programming113in Dell computers 140evolution of 107in information retrieval240by Intel 218, 318–319in I/O processing 242–243,243in laptops 272in Macintosh 287measurement units for 298on motherboard 319in multiprocessing 323in multitasking 324–325scheduling andprioritization of 417speed of 90CRA (Computing ResearchAssociation) 404Craigslist 120–121, 294, 348Crawford, Chris 104Cray, Seymour 121, 121–122, 227,461Cray Research 121–122, 227, 324,461CRC (cyclical redundancy check)186, 194Creative Commons 275Creative Labs Zen 327Creative Suite 3 (Adobe) 4credit card transactions 39, 146credit ratings, “repairing” 345crime. See computer crimeCRM. See customer relationshipmanagementCRT. See cathode ray tubeCrusoe 478cryptography. See also encryptionin ARPANET 145ciphers in 180in DRM 150hashing in 223–224number theory in 295public key 32, 145–146,180–181, 181quantum computing and 396in RFID 406Shannon’s work in 427Turing’s work in 481CSC (Computer ScienceCorporation) 293C shell (csh) 261, 365, 429, 485CSS (cascading style sheets) 5–6,72, 72–73, 152, 233, 507CSS (Content Scrambling System)149CTS (Carpal Tunnel Syndrome)185CUC (Computer UsageCorporation) 293Cuckoo’s Egg (Stoll) 458culture, and computing 314Cunningham, Howard (Ward)122–123, 511Cu-SeeMe 83, 492customer relationship management(CRM) 123at Amazon.com 9ASPs for 21business use of 64in computing history 229data mining in 136employment in 179natural language processingin 330SAP software for 415technical support in 470cyan, in CYMK 93CyberCash 146cybercommons 438cyberlaw 123–124, 237–238,274–275, 347–348cybernetics 110, 124, 277, 510–511