Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology

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Index 561Cybernetics of Control andCommunication in the Animal andthe Machine (Wiener) 511cyberpunk 220, 335, 419cyberspace advocacy groups124–125cyberspace and cyber culture 125–126, 391, 419, 482–483cyberstalking and harassment 100,126, 248, 252, 523cyberterrorism 126–127computer crimes in 100countering 118–119data backup and 37disaster planning and 152hackers in 220information warfare and 242Internet growth and 248online gambling and 346threat of 439Cyc 27, 267, 351cyclical redundancy check (CRC)186, 194cylinders, in hard disks 222DDAC (digital to analog converter)317daemon. See demonDahl, Ole-Johan 431DailyStrength.com 367daisy-wheel printer 381DAQ (data acquisition device) 129,130Dark Web 127DARPA (Defense AdvancedResearch Projects Agency) 113funding of 212Kay and 263Licklider at 277multiprocessing languageand 324networks and 334research of 311, 404Sutherland at 463DARPA automated vehiclechallenge 71Dartmouth Summer ResearchProject on Artificial Intelligence281, 297Darwin 357DAT (digital audio tape) 446data 128. See also backup andarchive systemsin classes 88constants 115in distributed computing154in LISP 281in pattern recognition 363redundancy in 427repurposing 139in service-orientedarchitecture 426unanticipated use of 408in XML 520data abstraction 128–129data accessibility 130–131data acquisition 110, 129, 129–130,419data acquisition device (DAQ)129, 130databaseBoolean operators in 54for business data processing64caching for 70for CAD 98client-server computingand 89CORBA for 118in CRM 123data dictionary for 135data mining of 135–136data security in 137in decision support systems139distributed computing for154hard disk space for 223hashing in 223, 224information retrieval from240–241for library catalogs 275in management informationsystem 292middleware for 310for online research 349PHP and 372for real-time processing 400record-level security in 137relational model for 131–132,139, 292, 455. See alsodatabase managementsystemssearching in 446for software agents 289in software engineering 73sorting in 446storage of 192templates in 475WAIS for 248for wikis 511database administration 130–131,178database management systems(DBMS) 131, 131–133automatic programmingin 33benchmarks for 43for cartography 208computer science in 110development of 131early market for 206management informationsystems and 292network traffic and 334object-oriented programmingand 341in office automation 342by Oracle 356SQL for 455data breaches 137data bus. See busdata communications 133–134with Bluetooth 53broadband. See broadbandclock speed and 90in computer science 110error correction in 186measurement units for 298in UNIX 410data compression 134, 134–135codecs for 92of digital photographs 372on hard disks 223of images 50, 203, 214, 239of MP3 files 448–449in networks 334of PDFs 364redundancy and 241in streaming 459data conversion 135data dictionary 73–74, 135Data division 91Data Encryption Standard (DES)39, 145, 180, 317Data General 106, 516data glove 221–222data integrity 130, 131, 132, 194data link layer 334data list 282data mining 27, 135–136cookies in 116in counterterrorism 118, 119in CRM 123data warehouses for 139in e-commerce 168employment in 179expert systems for 188Google’s use of 211in information retrieval 241knowledge representationin 267management informationsystems and 292Microsoft research on 404natural language processingin 330neural networks in 337pattern recognition in 363privacy and 384statistics in 458data models. See ontologies anddata modelsData Over Cable Service InterfaceSpecification (DOCSIS) 69data processingfor bank transactions 39batch processing 257buffering in 60in business 63–64, 291in client-server computing89in COBOL 91in flowcharts 200job control language for 257mainframes for 290in scientific applications419–420, 420data security 136–137. See alsosecurityin database administration130at “hot spots” 250Internet growth and 248online backup servicesand 37in operating systems 354risk and 408satellite service and 416user accounts in 354data storage 36, 37, 74–75, 89, 222,299, 445–446data structures 137–138. See alsoarray; branching statements;enumerations and sets; hashing;loop; queue; treein Algol 7in algorithm design 8in APIs 20in BASIC 88bit manipulation in 52in computer science 109data types compared to 138lists for 282object-oriented programmingand 339in Pascal 88queue 396–397in Ruby 413in Simula 431systems programming and465data types 138. See also classes;enumerations and setsabstract 128–129in Ada 2in Algol 7in BASIC 40binding and 45in C 65in C++ 68checking 66, 68in COBOL 91in compiling 96in computer science 110conversion of 61, 67in data structures 137data structures comparedto 138for FORTRAN 202in interpretation of data 128for knowledge representation266in LISP 281–282in Lua 286numeric 338in object-orientedprogramming 340in Pascal 362, 514in Perl 365in PHP 373in PL/I 373in procedural languages 388procedures and 385Python and 392in Ruby 413in scripting languages 421in Smalltalk 433in structured programming443for variables 490data validation 186–187, 197data warehouse 135, 139, 139, 292dates, storage of 522dBase 131DBMS. See database managementsystemsDCE (Distributed ComputingEnvironment) 310DCOM (Distributed ComponentObject Model) 89, 154DDR (double data rate) SDRAM301deafness 151Dean, Howard 377debit card transactions 39debugging. See bugs and debuggingDEC Alpha 402decimal numbers 338decision making, Feigenbaum’swork in 190decision statements. See branchingstatements; loopdecision support system (DSS)139–140decompilation 405decrement operation 65DeCSS 149, 246DECUS 488DEC VAX 227deductive synthesis 33Deep Blue 26, 85Deep Thought 85defragmentation 222–223DejaNews 333delegates 67deletion, from list 282del.icious.us 294, 523Dell, Inc. 108, 140, 184, 237, 366Dell, Michael 140, 184Delphi 114demo 428democracy 439demon 140–141, 144DENDRAL 27, 187, 190denial-of-service (DOS) attacks100, 111, 242Department of Defense. SeeARPANET; DARPADepartment of Homeland Security119, 136dependencies 389
562 IndexDertouzos, Michael L. 141DES (Data Encryption Standard)39, 145, 180, 317Descartes, Rene 295D. E. Shaw Company 44design documents 159design patterns 122, 142Design Patterns (book) 142Desk Set (film) 378desktop publishing (DTP) 4, 18,64, 142–143, 287, 483, 517desktop replacement. See laptopcomputersdestructor function 88deterministic games 103developing nations and computing108, 143–144, 149, 209device driver 144–145, 145assembly languages and 29BIOS and 49in boot sequence 55in computer science 110CPU and 304for hard disks 223in operating systems 353, 354Plug and Play and 374in software installation 244systems programmer and465UNIX and 485device-independent bitmap (DIB)214Devol, Joseph 182DHCP (Dynamic HostingConfiguration Protocol) 469Dhrystone 43DHTML (dynamic HTML) 161,232–233. See also HTML;XHTMLDiablo II 104dialog boxes 308dial-return satellite system 416dial-up modem access 38, 58DIB (device-independent bitmap)214dictionary 134, 201, 270, 271. Seealso data dictionaryDidiWiki 511difference engine 35–36Differential Analyzer 13, 14, 63, 426Diffie, Bailey Whitfield 145–146,180diffraction 191DigiCash 146digital 12, 12–13, 13, 147digital audio tape (DAT) 446digital camcorders 372digital cameras 108, 223, 371–372.See also photography, digitaldigital cash 146–147digital certificate 78–79, 79, 223–224Digital Chocolate 174digital convergence 59, 147, 147–148, 331, 378, 473, 507. See alsoubiquitous computingdigital dashboard 148, 294digital divide 58, 109, 148–149,170, 172, 439Digital Editions (Adobe) 4Digital Equipment Corporation(DEC) 41, 187, 261, 467, 516.See also PDP minicomputerdigital libraries 166–167, 211, 260Digital Millennium Copyright Act(DMCA) 150, 246, 405digital music and video players.See music and video players,digitaldigital photography. Seephotography, digitalDigital Research 236, 321digital rights management (DRM)149–150, 166, 246, 326. See alsocopy protectiondigital signature 32, 39, 146digital subscriber line. See DSLdigital to analog converter (DAC)317digital video recording (DVR)163–164digitizing tablet 215, 215Dijkstra, Edsger W. 150, 150–151,374, 460diodes 86Dipmeter Advisor 187Direct2D 105Direct3D 214direct deposit 39direct memory access (DMA) 243directories 191direct-recording electronic (DRE)175DirectX 105, 214Dirt Dog (robot) 253disabled persons and computing151–152Ajax pages and 6JavaScript and 256neural interface for 269senior citizens and 425smart homes for 434speech synthesizer for 268user interface and 489virtual reality and 496voting systems and 176disassembly 405disaster planning and recovery37, 152Discovery Systems CourseBuilder32discrete data analysis 458discrete mathematics 296discrimination net 190disk array. See RAIDdisk cache 60, 70, 223disk compression 223disk controllers 223disk drives 55, 70. See also CD-ROM and DVD-ROM; flashdrive; floppy disk; hard diskdiskette. See floppy diskdisplay. See flat-panel display;monitordistance education 153, 153–154,170, 322distracted driving 72, 327–328Distributed Component ObjectModel (DCOM) 89, 154distributed computing 113, 154–155, 324, 354, 426, 459, 462Distributed ComputingEnvironment (DCE) 310distributed database system 188,292, 303, 334distributed denial-of-service(DDOS) attacks. See denial-ofserviceattacksdistributed object computing 89,118distributed processing 310diversity 179divisions, in COBOL 91DLLs (dynamic link libraries) 20,277, 277, 309DMA (direct memory access) 243DMCA (Digital MillenniumCopyright Act) 150, 246, 405DNA 316, 316–317DNS (domain name system) 154,155–158, 247, 251, 469, 508DOCSIS (Data Over Cable ServiceInterface Specification) 69Dr. Dobbs’ Journal 260doctors, ratings of 367–368documentation 158, 159–160,225, 471documentation of programcode 74, 158–159. See alsodocumentation; technicalwritingdocument model 160–161, 192Document Object Model (DOM)160, 161, 233, 256documents, XML 520DOM (Document Object Model)160, 161, 233, 256domain name system (DNS) 154,155–158, 247, 251, 469, 508domain squatting 158Donahoe, John 166dongle 117doping 86DOS. See denial-of-service attacks;MS-DOSDOS-SHELL 322DOS/Windows Service Technicianexam 80dot-com bustAmazon.com and 9, 45AOL and 12ASPs in 21in computing history 229in e-commerce 168employment after 179recovery from 108women in computing and515Yahoo! and 523dot-matrix printers 379, 381,381–382dot pitch 318Dot project 67DoubleClick 212double data rate (DDR) SDRAM301double precision float 338doubly linked lists 282downward compatibility 94, 135“Drafting Dan” 98dragging 321Dragon Systems 452DRAM (dynamic random accessmemory) 218, 301DRE (direct-recording electronic)175Dreamweaver (Macromedia) 4, 507Drexler, K. Eric 329Dreyfus, Hubert 93, 161–162, 297drill and practice programs 99drive connection 86driver. See device driverDRM (digital rights management)149–150, 166, 246, 326. See alsocopy protectiondrone aircraft 311Drudge, Matt 259drum, in laser printer 382drum scanners 417Drupal 52DSL (digital subscriber line) 38,58, 69, 162–163, 163, 299, 335DSL access Multiplexer (DSLAM)162DSS (decision support system)139–140DTP. See desktop publishingdual-core processors 4, 19, 245,305, 324“Dummies” series 159, 471Dungeons and Dragons 104, 237,347DUP 201DV (Digital Video) 493DVD copy protection 149, 246DVD-ROM. See CD-ROM and DVD-ROMDvorak keyboard 185, 265DVR (digital video recording)163–164Dynabook 263, 273, 433dynamic arrays 24dynamic binding 46, 490Dynamic Hosting ConfigurationProtocol (DHCP) 469dynamic HTML (DHTML) 161,232–233. See also HTML;XHTMLdynamic link libraries (DLLs) 20,277, 277, 309dynamic random access memory(DRAM) 218, 301dynamic scoping 491Eearly binding 46ease of use 37, 137eBay 31, 165–166Craigslist and 120–121entrepreneurship and 184founder of 342–344in mashups 294reputation system of 480World Wide Web and 518EBCDIC (Extended Binary-CodedDecimal Interchange Code) 81EBNF (extended Backus-Naurform) 38e-books 9, 166–167, 260, 382, 466e-cash 146–147eCharge 146Echelon 181, 383Eckert, J. Presper 167–168, 184,226, 226, 296, 499. See alsoUNIVACEckert-Mauchly ComputerCorporation 167, 231, 296. Seealso Eckert, J. Presper; Mauchly,John WilliamEclipse 122, 235, 352, 388ECMAScript 256ecology and computers 75e-commerce 168–169, 169Amazon.com in 8–9, 45Andreessen in 15anonymity in 17auctions in 31authentication in 32certification for 80in computer history 229computer science in 110CRM in 123data mining in 136digital cash for 146–147encryption in 181, 503expert systems for 188fraud in 100in Internet growth 248mainframes used in 290management informationsystems in 292natural language processingin 330Omidyar in 343policy on 472security in 101in software market 294Web page design for 507World Wide Web and 518ECP (Extended Capabilities Port)360ECPA (Electronic CommunicationsPrivacy Act) 383
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Encyclopedia ofComputer scienceand
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C on t e n t sAcknowledgmentsivintr
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I n t r od u c t ion to t h eR e v
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Introduction to the Revised Edition
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AdaAdaStarting in the 1960s, the U.
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Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)Image P
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Algolgrammar of the data-descriptio
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ALUdown into component parts or bui
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10 Amdahl, Gene MyronShanahan, Fran
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12 analog and digitalhistory, bring
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14 Andreessen, MarcCompleted in 193
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16 animation, computerAndreessen tr
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18 APLAPL (a programming language)T
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20 application program interfacerat
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24 arrayIn languages such as C that
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26 artificial intelligenceby tradit
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28 artificial lifewriters such as V
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30 Atanasoff, John VincentAtanasoff
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32 authoring systemsway”—the se
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34 awkthose found in C. There are a
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36 backup and archive systemsthe ec
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38 Backus-Naur formBackus-Naur form
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40 basic input/output systemdecisio
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42 Bell Laboratoriesand the early a
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44 Bezos, Jeffrey P.use if it is to
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46 bioinformaticsand a hierarchy of
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48 biometricsvariety of biometric s
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50 bitmapped imagesuch tasks as gra
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52 blogs and bloggingThe shift oper
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54 boot sequenceoperators (called B
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oadbandTechnically, broadband refer
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Brooks, Rodney 59such as Flickr and
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ulletin board systems 61bugs and de
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66 CTotal = Total + 1;Total += 1;To
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68 C++While attracted to the advant
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70 calculatorthe location of the ca
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72 cascading style sheetsMojave Des
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74 CD-ROM and DVD-ROM“rapid proto
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76 censorship and the InternetIn 20
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78 central processing unitcentral p
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80 CGIIn a newly emerging sector th
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82 characters and stringsAs compute
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84 chess and computersOne of the be
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86 chipsetattached to the silicon s
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90 clock speedSinclair, Joseph T.,
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92 codecMurcah, Mike, Anne Prince,
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94 COMcommon object request broker
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96 compilersuch as a keyword (reser
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98 computer-aided design and manufa
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100 computer crime and securitycomp
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102 computer forensicsa device proc
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104 computer graphicsthe same time,
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106 computer industryso on). By cre
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108 computer industrypackages serve
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110 computer virus• What is the b
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112 computer visionsense on the par
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114 conferencing systemsFeldman, Mi
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116 cookiesunlike most traditional
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118 CORBA“activation” or “val
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120 CraigslistMano, M. Morris, and
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122 CRMtasks can be assigned to dif
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124 cyberneticsMany issues regardin
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126 cyberstalking and harassmentThe
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130 database administrationsignal m
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132 database management systemMicro
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134 data compressionlocal network,
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136 data securityparticular purpose
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138 data typeswhile a list has one
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140 Dell, Inc.User Interface—The
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142 design patternsdesign patternsD
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144 device driverOne Laptop per Chi
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146 digital cashcould be worked bac
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148 digital dashboardThe ownership
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150 Dijkstra, Edsger W.discs. A big
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152 disaster planning and recoveryT
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154 distributed computingAnother wa
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156 DNSCSCUCVCXCYCZDEDJDKDMDODZECEE
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158 documentation of program codewi
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160 document modelSociety for Techn
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162 DRMresearchers. For example, Al
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164 DVRMPEG file) that is fully com
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166 e-books and digital librariesha
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168 e-commerceRemington Rand. Worki
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170 education and computersApplicat
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172 e-governmentlenges face educati
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174 Electronic Artsteaching softwar
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176 e-maillanguages. However this c
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178 employment in the computer fiel
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180 encapsulationconsist of a combi
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182 Engelbart, DouglasEngelbart, Do
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184 entrepreneurs in computinganaly
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186 error correctionSalvendy, Gavri
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188 expert systemsAnatomy of an Exp
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190 Feigenbaum, Edwardhttp://hissa.
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192 file serverdata integrity. Vers
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194 film industry and computingImpl
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196 firewallcontrolled by a state t
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198 flash and smart mobs(or even pr
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200 flowchartused to hold data. The
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202 FORTRANearly days of microcompu
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204 fuzzy logicdefining and arrangi
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206 Gates, William, IIIGame console
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208 Geographical Information System
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210 Google• downward wage pressur
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212 government funding of computer
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214 graphics formatsof objects so t
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216 grid computingoff. By 2000, vir
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218 Grove, Andrew S.Cavalancia, Nic
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220 handwriting recognitionand othe
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222 hard disk• remote surgery, wh
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224 health, personalTo search a has
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226 history of computingFurther Rea
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228 history of computingThe most st
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230 home officeFacing vigorous comp
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232 HTML, DHTML, and XHTMLFurther R
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234 hypertext and hypermediaImpleme
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236 IBM PCFurther ReadingBashe, Cha
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238 identity theftfrom meetings to
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240 information retrievalinvasion o
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242 information warfareShannon foun
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244 installation of softwareinstall
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246 internationalization and locali
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248 Internettransmission of a messa
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250 Internet censorshipDunaev, Serg
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252 interpreterconsidered to be ISP
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JJavaJava is a computer language si
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256 JavaScriptIn 2006 Sun Microsyst
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258 Jobs, Steven Paulan enthusiasti
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260 journalism and the computer ind
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262 Joy, Billwho will be unable to
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264 kernelcould send a message to t
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266 knowledge representationattende
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268 Kurzweil, RayFurther ReadingFre
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LLAN See local area network.languag
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272 laptop computerapplications for
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274 Lessig, Lawrencepleadings and o
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276 library, programadditional copi
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278 linguistics and computingIn his
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280 LISPA Linux system running Open
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282 list processinga rich variety o
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284 Logoa checksum, and two special
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286 LuaNext CharValHere Char$ is a
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288 macroMacDailyNews. Available on
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290 mainframeMaes has participated
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292 map information and navigation
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294 mashupsbefore you buy” softwa
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296 Mauchly, John WilliamMoving fro
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298 measurement units used in compu
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300 medical applications of compute
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302 memory managementTom’s Hardwa
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304 microprocessorMicroprocessor de
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306 Microsoft .NETbrowser had broug
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308 Microsoft WindowsIntroduced in
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310 middlewareBott, Ed, Carl Sieche
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312 minicomputer“How Military Rob
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314 Mitnick, Kevin D.———. “
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316 molecular computingdevice could
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318 Moore, Gordon E.only one gun, w
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320 Motorola CorporationMotorola Co
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322 multimediaa maximum of 640 kB o
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324 multitasking“local” memory
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326 music and video distribution, o
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328 music and video players, digita
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330 natural language processingplac
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332 Net Neutrality• Do not post b
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334 networkGoogle Groups, is the be
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336 neural networkwebmd.com/stroke/
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338 numeric dataselect customer whe
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340 object-oriented programmingPARC
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342 Omidyar, Pierreprovided for typ
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344 online advertisingnew structure
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346 online gamblingand agencies suc
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348 online investingThe close and g
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350 online servicesand drugs. The s
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352 open-source movementopen-source
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354 operators and expressionsOperat
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356 optical computingA more general
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PPage, Larry(1973- )AmericanEntrepr
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360 parallel porthis work. Papert l
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362 PascalLevine, John R., Tony Mas
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364 PDATheodoridis, Sergios, and Ko
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366 personal computerConway, Damian
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368 personal information managercom
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370 phishing and spoofing“Phishin
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372 PHPeach of the three RGB colors
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374 Plug and PlayImpact of the Lang
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376 pointers and indirectionA point
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378 popular culture and computingHo
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380 presentation softwareDeclineBy
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382 printersarray of magnetically c
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384 procedures and functionsagencie
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386 programming as a professioncalc
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388 programming languagesprogrammer
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390 PrologGiven the scope and pace
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392 punched cards and paper tapepun
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Qquality assurance, softwareModern
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396 queueIn an empty queue, the hea
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400 recursionand with the potential
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402 regular expressioncompetitive a
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404 reverse engineeringA similar ap
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406 RFIDParts of an RFID system. De
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408 risks of computingHafner, Katie
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410 roboticsMac. The MIT computer s
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412 RPGHenderson, Harry. Modern Rob
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414 Rubya file, as with many script
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416 satellite Internet serviceFurth
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418 science fiction and computingre
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420 scientific computing applicatio
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422 search engineuseful tools for m
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424 semantic WebSearch Engine Watch
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426 Shannon, Claude E.Service-orien
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428 shellPC-Write as a full-feature
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430 Simonyi, Charlestests for the p
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432 singularity, technologicalToget
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434 smart buildings and homesThis m
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436 smartphonestore a hundred or mo
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438 SOAPPogue, David. iPhone: The M
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440 social networkingThere continue
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442 software agentLife could be stu
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444 software piracy and counterfeit
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446 sorting and searching• Discma
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448 sound file formatsapproach, and
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450 Spafford, Eugene H.and computer
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452 spreadsheetSpeech recognition b
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454 SQLFurther Reading“Antispywar
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456 stackstackOften a temporary sto
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458 Stoll, CliffordCharles Babbage
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460 structured programmingsuited fo
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462 supply chain managementApplicat
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464 system administratorsystem admi
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Ttablet PCAs the name suggests, a t
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468 TclHaylor, Phil. Computer Stora
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470 technical supportIPv6 Informati
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472 technology policyDuring the 198
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474 telepresence• elimination of
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476 text editortyping commands into
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478 touchscreencode. This would mea
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480 trends and emerging technologie
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482 Turkle, SherryFurther ReadingHe
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Uubiquitous computingTraditionally
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486 USB% who | awk ' { print $1 }'H
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488 user groupsGarofoli, Joe. “Us
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VvariableVirtually all computer pro
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492 videoconferencingconsequence wa
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494 virtualizationused as an expres
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496 VoIPtank crews and even individ
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498 von Neumann, JohnJohn von Neuma
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WWales, Jimmy(1966- )AmericanIntern
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502 Web 2.0 and beyond“Web 2.0”
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504 webcamabout a 75 percent market
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506 Web page design• fluency in t
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508 Web servicesWhen a user types i
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Page 525 and 526: 512 wikis and WikipediaWiki softwar
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Page 537 and 538: 524 YouTube• excessive time spent
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Page 541 and 542: 528 Appendix IRed Herring: The Busi
Page 543 and 544: 530 Appendix IIing company (CTR) in
Page 545 and 546: 532 Appendix II• Users of the new
Page 547 and 548: 534 Appendix II••ibm developed
Page 549 and 550: 536 Appendix II• Bill Gates and P
Page 551 and 552: 538 Appendix II• A consortium cal
Page 553 and 554: 540 Appendix II• Apple released o
Page 555 and 556: Appendix IIISome Significant Awards
Page 557 and 558: 544 Appendix III1993 Juris Harmanis
Page 559 and 560: 546 Appendix III1972 Paul E. Dirkse
Page 561 and 562: 548 Appendix IIIJohn W. BackusRober
Page 563 and 564: 550 Appendix IIIsity of Manchester
Page 565 and 566: 552 Appendix IIIthereby enhancing A
Page 567 and 568: 554 Appendix IVInternational Webmas
Page 569 and 570: 556 IndexAnalytical Engine 35-36, 3
Page 571 and 572: 558 Indexdata communications over13
Page 573: 560 Indexgraphics in 106, 194haptic
Page 577 and 578: 564 IndexFFacebook 16, 440-441, 487
Page 579 and 580: 566 IndexIDNA (Internationalizing D
Page 581 and 582: 568 Indexin open-source movement352
Page 583 and 584: 570 IndexMinard, Joseph 239mind 92-
Page 585 and 586: 572 IndexOnStar 71ontologies and da
Page 587 and 588: 574 Indexin object-orientedprogramm
Page 589 and 590: 576 Indexsequential calculator 5ser
Page 591 and 592: 578 Indexterminals in 475-476user i
Page 593: 580 Indexdatabases in 132developmen
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