Protocols for Micropropagation of Woody Trees and Fruits

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210 2.8. Hardening V. RAJESWARI AND K. PALIWAL Remove plantlets, which have attained the height of about 4–5 cm from culture vessels. Wash the root system thoroughly in running tap water to remove traces of medium adhering to the plantlet. Transfer the individual plantlets into small plastic pots (10 cm diameter) containing sterilized vermiculite moistened with half strength MS medium without sucrose (Figure 4G). To retain high humidity cover the potted plantlets with clear plastic sheet and keep under culture room condition. After 1-month transfer plantlets to polybags (15 × 25 cm) containing soil, sand and farmyard manure in the ratio of 3:1:1 and keep in a shade house. 3. CONCLUSION This chapter described a reliable and reproducible micropropagation protocol for Albizia odoratissima based on axillary shoot proliferation as well as adventitious shoot organogenesis from seedling explants. The results have shown that the efficiency of micropropagation system is influenced by both the physiological state of the donor plants and also by the type of explants. This is evident in the present study that the number of shoots produced by the explants of more juvenile source (14-dayold seedling) was more than that of the older explant source (two-year-old sapling). Even though the clonal propagation system developed for the matured tree is much more valuable than the juvenile seedlings, this study is conducted primarily to generate information on the nature of responses exhibited in vitro by the tissues of this plant which can be extended to studies with mature explants. As most of the woody species segregate for phenotypic traits when propagated by seeds, the plants regenerated in vitro from seedling explants would display inherent genetic variation. This could, however, be controlled by using an elite seed population as was selected by Pradhan et al. (1998) for their study on propagation of Dalbergia latifolia. The method developed for adventitious shoot organogenesis permits the rapid rate of plant production and histological analysis showed that the shoot buds originated from cambial cells thus minimizing the risk of producing genetically off types. Cloning of mature trees through tissue culture is generally preferred to that of juvenile tissue as it is not always possible to determine if the juvenile tissue will have the desired qualities at maturity. However, explants derived from mature trees show inherent recalcitrance to in vitro condition. Therefore, improvements and refinements in the technique will be necessary. The cost per plant would be high particularly if one considers application of this method for mass propagation. Development of somatic embryos and encapsulation with enriched polymers and production of synthetic seeds could be a solution to this problem of economics of micropropagation. New developments in genetic engineering procedures, including the recent somaclonal, gametoclonal and embryo rescue technologies show promise for their inclusion and applications in tree breeding programs for the genetic improvement of forest tree species. These technologies when combined with the methods of micropropagation for raising seed orchards could greatly reduce the time normally taken in conventional tree breeding programs.
MICROPROPAGATION OF ALBIZIA ODORATISSIMA 4. REFERENCES Biondi, S. & Thorpe, T.A. (1981) Clonal propagation of tree species. In Rao, A.N. (Ed) Proceedings of the international symposium on tissue culture of economically important plants. COSTED (The committee on Science and Technology in Developing Countries) and ANBS (Asian Network for Biological Sciences), Singapore pp. 197–204. Dominique, D.P. (1997) Potential of Albizia odoratissima as a premium hardwood for plantation programs in Sri Lanka. Forest Farm and Community Research Reports (Special issue), Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development, 38, Winrock Drive, Morilton AR, 72110, 119– 124. Hossain, A.Md. (1997) Production and use of Albizia odoratissima. Forest Farm and Community Research Reports (Special issue), Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development, 38, Winrock Drive, Morilton AR, 72110, 125–127. Libby, W.J. (1974) The use of vegetative propagules in forest genetics and tree improvement. N. Z. J. For. Sci. 18, 100–127. Mascarenhas, A.F., Nair, S., Kulkarni, V.M., Agarwal, D.C., Khuspe, S.S. & Mehta, U.J. (1987) Tamarind. In Bonga, J.M. & Durzan, D.J. (Eds) Forestry Sciences, Cell and Tissue Culture in Forestry, Martinus Nijhoff publishers, Dordrecht, Vol. 3, pp. 316–326. Murashige, T. & Skoog, F. (1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant. 14, 473–497. Phukan, M.K. & Mitra, C.G. (1983) In vitro regeneration of Albizia odoratissima Benth., a shade tree for the tea plantation of northeast India. Two and a bud, 30, 54–58. Pradhan, C., Pattnaik, S., Diwari, M., Pattnaik, S.N. & Chand, P.K. (1998) Efficient plant regeneration from cell suspension derived callus of East Indian rose wood (Dalbergia latifolia). Plant Cell Rep. 18, 138–142. Sana, D.L. (1989) Tea Science, BTRI, Moulvibazar, Bangladesh pp. 45–51. Troup, R.S. (1921) Silviculture of Indian Trees, Vol. 2, Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK pp. 466–484. 211
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PROTOCOLS FOR MICROPROPAGATION OF W
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A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this
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vi TABLE OF CONTENTS 14. Root induc
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viii TABLE OF CONTENTS 43. Micropro
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x PREFACE on precise stepwise proto
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CHAPTER 1 TOTIPOTENCY AND THE CELL
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TOTIPOTENCY AND THE CELL CYCLE 5 a
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2.2. Plant Bioregulators and the Ce
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TOTIPOTENCY AND THE CELL CYCLE 9 in
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TOTIPOTENCY AND THE CELL CYCLE 11 F
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Bartel, D. (2004) MicroRNAs: genomi
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CHAPTER 2 MICROPROPAGATION VIA ORGA
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MICROPROPAGATION OF SLASH PINE Tabl
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MICROPROPAGATION OF SLASH PINE Amon
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2.6. Field Testing MICROPROPAGATION
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CHAPTER 3 MICROPROPAGATION OF COAST
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MICROPROPAGATION OF SEQUOIA SEMPERV
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CHAPTER 4 MICROPROPAGATION OF PINUS
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MICROPROPAGATION OF PINUS PINEA L.
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42 2.1. Organ Culture K. ISHII ET A
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44 K. ISHII ET AL. scent light, 70
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46 Chemicals (mg/l) K. ISHII ET AL.
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48 Table 3. Effects of plant growth
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50 K. ISHII ET AL. Gupta, P.K. & Du
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52 C. HARGREAVES AND M. MENZIES (Me
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54 C. HARGREAVES AND M. MENZIES Con
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56 2.1.3. Organogenesis from Field-
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58 C. HARGREAVES AND M. MENZIES Fig
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60 C. HARGREAVES AND M. MENZIES Fig
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62 C. HARGREAVES AND M. MENZIES For
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64 C. HARGREAVES AND M. MENZIES and
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CHAPTER 7 GENETIC FIDELITY ANALYSES
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PLANT GENETIC FIDELITY 69 Plant mat
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e added to samples, as this fluoroc
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11. Determine the mean channel numb
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3. In addition to testing various b
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GeneScan internal size standards: 4
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3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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PLANT GENETIC FIDELITY 81 microprop
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PLANT GENETIC FIDELITY 83 Steinkell
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86 2.1. Explant Preparation M.G. OS
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88 WPM (Lloyd & McCown, 1980) Macro
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90 M.G. OSTROLUCKÁ ET AL. on the m
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CHAPTER 9 MICROPROPAGATION OF MEDIT
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2.1. Explant Preparation MICROPROPA
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MICROPROPAGATION OF MEDITERRANEAN C
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108 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Larue (1953) a
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110 D.T. NHUT ET AL. HgCl2 added wi
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112 2.4. Establishment of Shoot Cul
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114 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Table 5. Effec
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116 D.T. NHUT ET AL. culture to be
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118 D. EWALD ability of the plant m
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120 D. EWALD Figure 1. Yew micropro
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122 D. EWALD Root development. Afte
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CHAPTER 12 MICROPROPAGATION OF LARI
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MICROPROPAGATION OF LARIX SPECIES V
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CHAPTER 13 PROPAGATION OF SELECTED
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PROPAGATION OF SELECTED PINUS GENOT
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CHAPTER 14 ROOT INDUCTION OF PINUS
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ROOT INDUCTION OF PINUS SYLVESTRIS
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ROOT INDUCTION OF PINUS SYLVESTRIS
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CHAPTER 15 MICROPROPAGATION OF BETU
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MICROPROPAGATION OF BETULA PENDULA
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MICROPROPAGATION OF BETULA PENDULA
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Page 188 and 189: Axillary shoots (number) IN VITRO P
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Page 204 and 205: 202 V. RAJESWARI AND K. PALIWAL tha
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Page 248 and 249: CHAPTER 23 MICROGRAFTING IN GRAPEVI
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Page 252 and 253: MICROGRAFTING IN GRAPEVINE 253 Tabl
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MICROGRAFTING GRAPEVINE FOR VIRUS I
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MICROGRAFTING GRAPEVINE FOR VIRUS I
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CHAPTER 25 APRICOT MICROPROPAGATION
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APRICOT MICROPROPAGATION Figure 1.
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APRICOT MICROPROPAGATION Figure 2.
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APRICOT MICROPROPAGATION 2.2.2. Hyp
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2.4. Acclimatization APRICOT MICROP
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APRICOT MICROPROPAGATION occurs fre
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CHAPTER 26 IN VITRO CONSERVATION AN
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IN VITRO CONSERVATION AND MICROPROP
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CHAPTER 27 MICROGRAFTING OF PISTACH
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MICROGRAFTING OF PISTACHIO Constitu
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MICROGRAFTING OF PISTACHIO 2.2.2. C
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MICROGRAFTING OF PISTACHIO 6. Incub
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MICROGRAFTING OF PISTACHIO 9. The r
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CHAPTER 28 PROTOCOL FOR MICROPROPAG
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CASTANEA SATIVA
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CHAPTER 29 MICROPROPAGATION OF CASH
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CASHEW 2.2.1. E
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CASHEW axillary
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CASHEW Table 1.
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CASHEW shade an
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CHAPTER 30 IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS AND
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IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS AND MUTANT MUL
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336 R.I. IYER compounds (Iyer et al
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A 338 2.2. Culture Medium R.I. IYER
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340 R.I. IYER Figure 2. Formation o
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342 R.I. IYER Figure 3. Formation o
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344 R.I. IYER Rao, Y.S., Mathew, K.
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346 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA marg
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348 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA (iv)
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350 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA 2.4.
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352 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA Figu
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354 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA tree
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356 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA Figu
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358 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA Drew
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CHAPTER 33 MICROPROPAGATION PROTOCO
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MICROPROPAGATION FOR MICROSPORE EMB
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374 L. TIAN AND S.I. SIBBALD younge
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376 L. TIAN AND S.I. SIBBALD Table
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378 L. TIAN AND S.I. SIBBALD 2.4. R
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CHAPTER 35 MICROPROPAGATION OF JUGL
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MICROPROPAGATION OF JUGLANS REGIA L
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CHAPTER 36 TISSUE CULTURE PROPAGATI
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PROPAGATION OF MONGOLIAN CHERRY AND
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410 M. PASQUAL AND E.A. FERREIRA 2.
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414 M. PASQUAL AND E.A. FERREIRA ch
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418 D.T. NHUT ET AL. its economical
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420 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Table 1. Shoot
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422 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Figure 3. Orga
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424 D.T. NHUT ET AL. mg l -1 NAA +
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426 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Nakasone, H.Y.
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428 C. LIU ET AL. C. cujete L. is c
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430 C. LIU ET AL. Table 1. Composit
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432 C. LIU ET AL. 6. Excise the sho
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434 Fresh weight per plantlet (mg)
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436 C. LIU ET AL. 4. REFERENCES Aga
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438 M. MISHRA ET AL. micropropagati
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440 M. MISHRA ET AL. each plate ino
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Section C
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446 M.G. OSTROLUCKÁ ET AL. from me
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448 M.G. OSTROLUCKÁ ET AL. regener
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450 M.G. OSTROLUCKÁ ET AL. Figure
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452 M.G. OSTROLUCKÁ ET AL. 2.6.3.
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454 counts counts M.G. OSTROLUCKÁ
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CHAPTER 42 PROTOCOL FOR MICROPROPAG
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AN medium (Anderson, 1980) MICROPRO
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MICROPROPAGATION OF VACCINIUM VITIS
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2.6. Flow Cytometry Analysis MICROP
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CHAPTER 43 MICROPROPAGATION OF BAMB
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BAMBOO MICROPROGATION BY AXILLARY S
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CHAPTER 44 IN VITRO CULTURE OF TREE
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IN VITRO CULTURE OF TREE PEONY 479
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500 M. MHATRE from various natural
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502 2.2. Disinfection of Plant Mate
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504 M. MHATRE soil in polythene bag
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506 M. MHATRE Figure 2. Pineapple,
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508 M. MHATRE Escalona, M., Lorenzo
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510 J.M. AL-KHAYRI Tunisia, Morocco
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512 J.M. AL-KHAYRI 2.1.2. Separatio
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514 2.2. Culture Medium J.M. AL-KHA
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516 J.M. AL-KHAYRI 5. Isolate callu
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518 J.M. AL-KHAYRI 3. Water the tra
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520 J.M. AL-KHAYRI expressed from c
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522 J.M. AL-KHAYRI alcohol and twic
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524 J.M. AL-KHAYRI potential. Simil
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526 J.M. AL-KHAYRI Barreveld, W.H.
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528 D.T. NHUT ET AL. arsenide chip
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530 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Figure 2. Plan
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532 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Figure 4. Plan
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534 D.T. NHUT ET AL. plantlets. The
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536 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Figure 11. Fre
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538 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Figure 13. Sub
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540 D.T. NHUT ET AL. The response o
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CHAPTER 48 IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS IN
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IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS IN BANANA 545
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3.3. Observations to be Recorded IN
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