PLANT GENETIC FIDELITY 81 micropropagation protocol, requiring reduced amounts <strong>of</strong> plant material <strong>and</strong> their combination provides more accurate in<strong>for</strong>mation on the fidelity <strong>of</strong> the obtained plants. Acknowledgements. This work was supported by the Portuguese Foundation <strong>for</strong> Science <strong>and</strong> Technology FCT/MCT projects POCTI/AGR/36225/99 <strong>and</strong> POCI/AGR/60672/2004. FCT also financed the fellowships <strong>of</strong> T. Lopes (SFRH/BPD/6012/2001), J. Loureiro (SFRH/BD/9003/2002) <strong>and</strong> G. Pinto (SFRH/BD/8693/2002). 4. REFERENCES Breiman, A., Rotemabarbanell, D., Karp, A. & Shaskin, H. (1987) Heritable somaclonal variation in wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum). Theoretical <strong>and</strong> Applied Genetics, 74, 104–112. Bueno, M., Gomez, A., Vicente, O. & Manzanera, J. (1996) Stability in ploidy level during somatic embryogenesis in Quercus canariensis. In M. Ajuha, W. Bourjan & D. Neale (Eds), Somatic Cell Genetics <strong>and</strong> Molecular Genetics <strong>of</strong> <strong>Trees</strong>. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 23–28. Clark, J.M. (1988) Novel non-templated nucleotide addition-reactions catalyzed by procaryotic <strong>and</strong> eukaryotic DNA-polymerases. Nucleic Acids Research 16, 9677–9686. Conde, P., Loureiro, J. & Santos, C. (2004) Somatic embryogenesis <strong>and</strong> plant regeneration from leaves <strong>of</strong> Ulmus minor Mill. Plant Cell Reports 22, 632–639. Doležel, J. & Bartoš, J. (2005) Plant DNA flow cytometry <strong>and</strong> estimation <strong>of</strong> nuclear genome size. Annals <strong>of</strong> Botany 95, 99–110. Doležel, J., Sgorbati, S. & Lucretti, S. (1992) Comparison <strong>of</strong> three DNA fluorochromes <strong>for</strong> flow cytometric estimation <strong>of</strong> nuclear DNA content in plants. Physiologia Plantarum 85, 625–631. Doležel, J., Doleželová, M. & Novák, F. (1994) Flow cytometric estimation <strong>of</strong> nuclear DNA amount in diploid bananas (Musa acuminata <strong>and</strong> M. balbisiana). Biologia Plantarum, 36, 351–357. Doležel, J., Greilhuber, J., Lucretti, S., Meister, A., Lysák, M., Nardi, L., et al. (1998) Plant genome size estimation by flow cytometry: inter-laboratory comparison. Annals <strong>of</strong> Botany, 82 (Supplement A), 17–26. Doležel, J., Bartoš, J., Voglmayr, H. & Greilhuber, J. (2003) Nuclear DNA content <strong>and</strong> genome size <strong>of</strong> trout <strong>and</strong> human. Cytometry Part A, 51A, 127–128. Endemann, M., Hristo<strong>for</strong>oglu, K., Stauber, T. & Wilhelm, E. (2002) Assessment <strong>of</strong> age-related polyploidy in Quercus robur L. somatic embryos <strong>and</strong> regenerated plants using DNA flow cytometry. Biologia Plantarum 44, 339–345. Galbraith, D.W., Harkins, K.R., Maddox, J.M., Ayres, N.M., Sharma, D.P. & Firoozabady, E. (1983) Rapid flow cytometric analysis <strong>of</strong> the cell cycle in intact plant tissues. Science, 220, 1049–1051. Galbraith, D.W., Lambert, G., Macas, J. & Doležel, J. (2002) Analysis <strong>of</strong> nuclear DNA content <strong>and</strong> ploidy in higher plants. In Robinson, J.P., Darzynkiewicz, Z., Dean, P.N., Dressler, L.G., Rabinovitch, P.S., Stewart, C.V., Tanke, H.J. & Wheeless, L.L. (Eds), Current <strong>Protocols</strong> in Cytometry. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 7.6.1–7.6.22. Gallego, F.J., Martinez, I., Celestino, C. & Toribio, M. (1997) Testing somaclonal variation using RAPDs in Quercus suber L. somatic embryos. International Journal <strong>of</strong> Plant Sciences, 158, 563–567. Glaubitz, J. & Moran, G. (2000) Genetic tools: the use <strong>of</strong> biochemical <strong>and</strong> molecular markers. In Young, A., Boshier, D. & Boyle, T. (Eds), Forest Conservation Genetics: Principles <strong>and</strong> Practice. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing. pp. 39–59. Gomez, A., Pintos, B., Aguiriano, E., Manzanera, J.A. & Bueno, M.A. (2001) SSR markers <strong>for</strong> Quercus suber tree identification <strong>and</strong> embryo analysis. Journal <strong>of</strong> Heredity 92, 292–295. Greilhuber, J., Temsch, E. & Loureiro, J. (2007). Nuclear DNA content measurement. In Doležel, J., Greilhuber, J. & Suda, J. (Eds), Flow Cytometry with Plant Cells. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. pp. 67–101. Hern<strong>and</strong>ez, I., Celestino, C., Martinez, J., Hormero, J., Gallego, J. & Toribio, M. (1999) Induction <strong>of</strong> somatic embryogenesis in leaves from mature Quercus suber trees. Paper presented at the Physiology <strong>and</strong> control <strong>of</strong> plant propagation in vitro. Report <strong>of</strong> activities, Eur Cost Action 822, Krakow, Pol<strong>and</strong>. Hornero, J., Martinez, I., Celestino, C., Gallego, F. J., Torres, V. & Toribio, M. (2001a) Early checking <strong>of</strong> genetic stability <strong>of</strong> cork oak somatic embryos by AFLP analysis. International Journal <strong>of</strong> Plant Sciences 162, 827–833.
82 C. SANTOS ET AL. Hornero, J., Gallego, F.J., Martinez, I. & Toribio, M. (2001b) Testing the conservation <strong>of</strong> Quercus spp. microsatellites in the cork oak, Q. suber L. Silvae Genetica 50(3-4), 162–167. Isagi, Y. & Suh<strong>and</strong>ono, S. (1997) PCR primers amplifying microsatellite loci <strong>of</strong> Quercus myrsinifolia Blume <strong>and</strong> their conservation between oak species. Molecular Ecology 6, 897–899. Ishii, K., Thakur, R. & Jain, S. (1999) Somatic embryogenesis <strong>and</strong> evaluation <strong>of</strong> variability in somatic seedlings <strong>of</strong> Quercus serrata by RAPD markers. In Jain, S., Gupta, P. & Newton, R. (Eds), Somatic Embryogenesis in <strong>Woody</strong> Plants. Vol. 4. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 403–414. Jones, C.J., Edwards, K.J., Castaglione, S., Winfield, M.O., Sala, F., v<strong>and</strong>eWiel, C., et al. (1997) Reproducibility testing <strong>of</strong> RAPD, AFLP <strong>and</strong> SSR markers in plants by a network <strong>of</strong> European laboratories. Molecular Breeding 3, 381–390. Kampfer, S., Lexer, C., Glossl, J. & Steinkellner, H. (1998) Characterization <strong>of</strong> (GA)(n) microsatellite loci from Quercus robur. Hereditas 129, 183–186. Karp, A., Edwards, K.J., Bru<strong>for</strong>d, M., Funk, S., Vosman, B., Morgante, M., et al. (1997) Molecular technologies <strong>for</strong> biodiversity evaluation: opportunities <strong>and</strong> challenges. Nature Biotechnology 15, 625–628. Kim, Y. (2000) Somatic embryogenesis in Quercus acutissima. In Jain, S., Gupta, P. & Newton, R. (Eds), Somatic Embryogenesis in <strong>Woody</strong> Plants.Vol. 6. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 671–686. Larkin, P.J. & Scowcr<strong>of</strong>t, W.R. (1981) Somaclonal variation – a novel source <strong>of</strong> variability from cellcultures <strong>for</strong> plant improvement. Theoretical <strong>and</strong> Applied Genetics 60, 197–214. Larkin, P.J., Banks, P.M., Bhati, R., Brettell, R.I.S., Davies, P.A., Ryan, S.A., et al. (1989) From somatic variation to variant plants – mechanisms <strong>and</strong> applications. Genome 31, 705–711. Lopes, T., Pinto, G., Loureiro, J., Costa, A. & Santos, C. (2006) Determination <strong>of</strong> genetic stability in long-term somatic embryogenic cultures <strong>and</strong> derived plantlets <strong>of</strong> cork oak using microsatellite markers. Tree Physiology 26, 1145–1152. Loureiro, J., Pinto, G., Lopes, T., Doležel, J. & Santos, C. (2005) Assessment <strong>of</strong> ploidy stability <strong>of</strong> the somatic embryogenesis process in Quercus suber L. using flow cytometry. Planta 221, 815–822. Loureiro, J., Rodriguez, E., Doležel, J. & Santos, C. (2006a) Flow cytometric <strong>and</strong> microscopic analysis <strong>of</strong> the effect <strong>of</strong> tannic acid on plant nuclei <strong>and</strong> estimation <strong>of</strong> DNA content. Annals <strong>of</strong> Botany 98, 515–527. Loureiro, J., Rodriguez, E., Doležel, J. & Santos, C. (2006b) Comparison <strong>of</strong> four nuclear isolation buffers <strong>for</strong> plant DNA flow cytometry. Annals <strong>of</strong> Botany 98, 679–689. Loureiro, J., Suda, J., Doležel, J. & Santos, C. (2007a). FLOWer: a plant DNA flow cytometry database. In Doležel, J., Greilhuber, J. & Suda, J. (Eds), Flow Cytometry with Plant Cells. Weinheim: Wiley- VCH. pp. 423–438. Loureiro, J., Rodriguez, E., Doležel, J. & Santos, C. (2007b) Two new nuclear isolation buffers <strong>for</strong> plant DNA flow cytometry: A test with 37 species. Annals <strong>of</strong> Botany (in Press). Lysák, M. & Doležel, J. (1998) Estimation <strong>of</strong> nuclear DNA content in Sesleria (Poaceae). Caryologia 52, 123–132. Noirot, M., Barre, P., Louarn, J., Duperray, C. & Hamon, S. (2000) Nucleus-cytosol interactions – a source <strong>of</strong> stoichiometric error in flow cytometric estimation <strong>of</strong> nuclear DNA content in plants. Annals <strong>of</strong> Botany 86, 309–316. Pinto, G., Amaral, R., Santos, C. & Carnide, O. (2001) Somatic embryogenesis in calluses <strong>of</strong> leaves from three year old Quercus suber L. plants. Paper presented at the Quality enhancement <strong>of</strong> plant production through tissue culture. Book <strong>of</strong> Abstracts. Second Meeting <strong>of</strong> the Cost 843 WG3, Carcavelos, Portugal. Pinto, G., Valentim, H., Costa, A., Castro, S. & Santos, C. (2002) Somatic embryogenesis in leaf callus from a mature Quercus suber L. tree. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Plant 38, 569–572. Pinto, G., Loureiro, J., Lopes, T. & Santos, C. (2004). Analysis <strong>of</strong> the genetic stability <strong>of</strong> Eucalyptus globulus Labill. somatic embryos by flow cytometry. Theoretical <strong>and</strong> Applied Genetics 109, 580–587. Sanchez, M.C., Martinez, M.T., Valladares, S., Ferro, E. & Vieitez, A.M. (2003) Maturation <strong>and</strong> germination <strong>of</strong> oak somatic embryos originated from leaf <strong>and</strong> stem explants: RAPD markers <strong>for</strong> genetic analysis <strong>of</strong> regenerants. Journal <strong>of</strong> Plant Physiology, 160, 699–707.
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PROTOCOLS FOR MICROPROPAGATION OF W
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A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this
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vi TABLE OF CONTENTS 14. Root induc
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viii TABLE OF CONTENTS 43. Micropro
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x PREFACE on precise stepwise proto
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CHAPTER 1 TOTIPOTENCY AND THE CELL
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TOTIPOTENCY AND THE CELL CYCLE 5 a
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2.2. Plant Bioregulators and the Ce
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TOTIPOTENCY AND THE CELL CYCLE 9 in
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TOTIPOTENCY AND THE CELL CYCLE 11 F
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Bartel, D. (2004) MicroRNAs: genomi
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CHAPTER 2 MICROPROPAGATION VIA ORGA
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MICROPROPAGATION OF SLASH PINE Tabl
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MICROPROPAGATION OF SLASH PINE Amon
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2.6. Field Testing MICROPROPAGATION
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CHAPTER 3 MICROPROPAGATION OF COAST
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MICROPROPAGATION OF SEQUOIA SEMPERV
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MICROPROPAGATION OF SEQUOIA SEMPERV
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MICROPROPAGATION OF LARIX SPECIES V
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CHAPTER 13 PROPAGATION OF SELECTED
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PROPAGATION OF SELECTED PINUS GENOT
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PROPAGATION OF SELECTED PINUS GENOT
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PROPAGATION OF SELECTED PINUS GENOT
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PROPAGATION OF SELECTED PINUS GENOT
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CHAPTER 14 ROOT INDUCTION OF PINUS
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ROOT INDUCTION OF PINUS SYLVESTRIS
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ROOT INDUCTION OF PINUS SYLVESTRIS
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CHAPTER 15 MICROPROPAGATION OF BETU
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MICROPROPAGATION OF BETULA PENDULA
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MICROPROPAGATION OF BETULA PENDULA
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MICROPROPAGATION OF BETULA PENDULA
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MICROPROPAGATION OF BETULA PENDULA
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CHAPTER 16 PROTOCOL FOR DOUBLED-HAP
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DOUBLED-HAPLOID MICROPROPAGATION IN
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DOUBLED-HAPLOID MICROPROPAGATION IN
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DOUBLED-HAPLOID MICROPROPAGATION IN
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DOUBLED-HAPLOID MICROPROPAGATION IN
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DOUBLED-HAPLOID MICROPROPAGATION IN
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DOUBLED-HAPLOID MICROPROPAGATION IN
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DOUBLED-HAPLOID MICROPROPAGATION IN
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CHAPTER 17 IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF
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IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF FRAXINUS SP
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IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF FRAXINUS SP
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Axillary shoots (number) IN VITRO P
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IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF FRAXINUS SP
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IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF FRAXINUS SP
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IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF FRAXINUS SP
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CHAPTER 18 MICROPROPAGATION OF BLAC
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MICROPROPAGATION OF BLACK LOCUST 19
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2.5. Rooting and Acclimatization MI
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MICROPROPAGATION OF BLACK LOCUST 19
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202 V. RAJESWARI AND K. PALIWAL tha
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204 V. RAJESWARI AND K. PALIWAL Mak
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206 V. RAJESWARI AND K. PALIWAL 2.3
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208 V. RAJESWARI AND K. PALIWAL Fig
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210 2.8. Hardening V. RAJESWARI AND
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CHAPTER 20 MICROPROPAGATION OF SALI
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MICROPROPAGATION OF SALIX CAPREA L.
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MICROPROPAGATION OF SALIX CAPREA L.
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MICROPROPAGATION OF SALIX CAPREA L.
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CHAPTER 21 MICROPROPAGATION OF CEDR
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2.1. Establishment of Shoot Culture
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CEDRELA FISSILI
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CEDRELA FISSILI
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CEDRELA FISSILI
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CEDRELA FISSILI
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CEDRELA FISSILI
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CEDRELA FISSILI
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238 programmes is somatic embryogen
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240 Figure 2. A) Induction of organ
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242 2.4.1. Rooting of Apical and Ba
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244 of donor individuals and/or by
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246 J. MALÀ ET AL. Karnosky, D.F.,
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CHAPTER 23 MICROGRAFTING IN GRAPEVI
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MICROGRAFTING IN GRAPEVINE 251 and
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MICROGRAFTING IN GRAPEVINE 253 Tabl
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2.4. Culture Conditions MICROGRAFTI
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MICROGRAFTING IN GRAPEVINE 257 Feuc
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CHAPTER 24 MICROGRAFTING GRAPEVINE
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MICROGRAFTING GRAPEVINE FOR VIRUS I
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MICROGRAFTING GRAPEVINE FOR VIRUS I
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MICROGRAFTING GRAPEVINE FOR VIRUS I
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CHAPTER 25 APRICOT MICROPROPAGATION
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APRICOT MICROPROPAGATION Figure 1.
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APRICOT MICROPROPAGATION Figure 2.
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APRICOT MICROPROPAGATION 2.2.2. Hyp
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2.4. Acclimatization APRICOT MICROP
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APRICOT MICROPROPAGATION occurs fre
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CHAPTER 26 IN VITRO CONSERVATION AN
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IN VITRO CONSERVATION AND MICROPROP
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IN VITRO CONSERVATION AND MICROPROP
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IN VITRO CONSERVATION AND MICROPROP
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IN VITRO CONSERVATION AND MICROPROP
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CHAPTER 27 MICROGRAFTING OF PISTACH
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MICROGRAFTING OF PISTACHIO Constitu
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MICROGRAFTING OF PISTACHIO 2.2.2. C
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MICROGRAFTING OF PISTACHIO 6. Incub
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MICROGRAFTING OF PISTACHIO 9. The r
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CHAPTER 28 PROTOCOL FOR MICROPROPAG
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CASTANEA SATIVA
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CASTANEA SATIVA
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CASTANEA SATIVA
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CASTANEA SATIVA
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CASTANEA SATIVA
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CASTANEA SATIVA
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CHAPTER 29 MICROPROPAGATION OF CASH
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CASHEW 2.2.1. E
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CASHEW axillary
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CASHEW Table 1.
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CASHEW shade an
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CHAPTER 30 IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS AND
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IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS AND MUTANT MUL
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IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS AND MUTANT MUL
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IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS AND MUTANT MUL
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IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS AND MUTANT MUL
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IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS AND MUTANT MUL
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336 R.I. IYER compounds (Iyer et al
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A 338 2.2. Culture Medium R.I. IYER
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340 R.I. IYER Figure 2. Formation o
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342 R.I. IYER Figure 3. Formation o
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344 R.I. IYER Rao, Y.S., Mathew, K.
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346 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA marg
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348 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA (iv)
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350 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA 2.4.
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352 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA Figu
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354 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA tree
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356 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA Figu
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358 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA Drew
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CHAPTER 33 MICROPROPAGATION PROTOCO
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MICROPROPAGATION FOR MICROSPORE EMB
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MICROPROPAGATION FOR MICROSPORE EMB
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MICROPROPAGATION FOR MICROSPORE EMB
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MICROPROPAGATION FOR MICROSPORE EMB
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MICROPROPAGATION FOR MICROSPORE EMB
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374 L. TIAN AND S.I. SIBBALD younge
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376 L. TIAN AND S.I. SIBBALD Table
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378 L. TIAN AND S.I. SIBBALD 2.4. R
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CHAPTER 35 MICROPROPAGATION OF JUGL
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MICROPROPAGATION OF JUGLANS REGIA L
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MICROPROPAGATION OF JUGLANS REGIA L
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MICROPROPAGATION OF JUGLANS REGIA L
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MICROPROPAGATION OF JUGLANS REGIA L
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CHAPTER 36 TISSUE CULTURE PROPAGATI
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PROPAGATION OF MONGOLIAN CHERRY AND
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PROPAGATION OF MONGOLIAN CHERRY AND
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PROPAGATION OF MONGOLIAN CHERRY AND
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PROPAGATION OF MONGOLIAN CHERRY AND
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PROPAGATION OF MONGOLIAN CHERRY AND
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PROPAGATION OF MONGOLIAN CHERRY AND
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PROPAGATION OF MONGOLIAN CHERRY AND
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PROPAGATION OF MONGOLIAN CHERRY AND
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410 M. PASQUAL AND E.A. FERREIRA 2.
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412 M. PASQUAL AND E.A. FERREIRA 4.
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414 M. PASQUAL AND E.A. FERREIRA ch
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416 M. PASQUAL AND E.A. FERREIRA 3.
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418 D.T. NHUT ET AL. its economical
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420 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Table 1. Shoot
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422 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Figure 3. Orga
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424 D.T. NHUT ET AL. mg l -1 NAA +
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426 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Nakasone, H.Y.
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428 C. LIU ET AL. C. cujete L. is c
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430 C. LIU ET AL. Table 1. Composit
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432 C. LIU ET AL. 6. Excise the sho
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434 Fresh weight per plantlet (mg)
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436 C. LIU ET AL. 4. REFERENCES Aga
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438 M. MISHRA ET AL. micropropagati
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440 M. MISHRA ET AL. each plate ino
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Section C
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446 M.G. OSTROLUCKÁ ET AL. from me
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448 M.G. OSTROLUCKÁ ET AL. regener
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450 M.G. OSTROLUCKÁ ET AL. Figure
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452 M.G. OSTROLUCKÁ ET AL. 2.6.3.
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454 counts counts M.G. OSTROLUCKÁ
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CHAPTER 42 PROTOCOL FOR MICROPROPAG
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AN medium (Anderson, 1980) MICROPRO
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MICROPROPAGATION OF VACCINIUM VITIS
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2.6. Flow Cytometry Analysis MICROP
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CHAPTER 43 MICROPROPAGATION OF BAMB
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BAMBOO MICROPROGATION BY AXILLARY S
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BAMBOO MICROPROGATION BY AXILLARY S
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BAMBOO MICROPROGATION BY AXILLARY S
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BAMBOO MICROPROGATION BY AXILLARY S
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BAMBOO MICROPROGATION BY AXILLARY S
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CHAPTER 44 IN VITRO CULTURE OF TREE
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IN VITRO CULTURE OF TREE PEONY 479
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IN VITRO CULTURE OF TREE PEONY 481
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IN VITRO CULTURE OF TREE PEONY 483
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IN VITRO CULTURE OF TREE PEONY 485
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IN VITRO CULTURE OF TREE PEONY 487
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IN VITRO CULTURE OF TREE PEONY 489
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IN VITRO CULTURE OF TREE PEONY 491
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IN VITRO CULTURE OF TREE PEONY 493
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IN VITRO CULTURE OF TREE PEONY 495
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IN VITRO CULTURE OF TREE PEONY 497
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500 M. MHATRE from various natural
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502 2.2. Disinfection of Plant Mate
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504 M. MHATRE soil in polythene bag
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506 M. MHATRE Figure 2. Pineapple,
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508 M. MHATRE Escalona, M., Lorenzo
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510 J.M. AL-KHAYRI Tunisia, Morocco
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512 J.M. AL-KHAYRI 2.1.2. Separatio
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514 2.2. Culture Medium J.M. AL-KHA
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516 J.M. AL-KHAYRI 5. Isolate callu
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518 J.M. AL-KHAYRI 3. Water the tra
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520 J.M. AL-KHAYRI expressed from c
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522 J.M. AL-KHAYRI alcohol and twic
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524 J.M. AL-KHAYRI potential. Simil
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526 J.M. AL-KHAYRI Barreveld, W.H.
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528 D.T. NHUT ET AL. arsenide chip
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530 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Figure 2. Plan
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532 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Figure 4. Plan
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534 D.T. NHUT ET AL. plantlets. The
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536 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Figure 11. Fre
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538 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Figure 13. Sub
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540 D.T. NHUT ET AL. The response o
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CHAPTER 48 IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS IN
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IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS IN BANANA 545
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IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS IN BANANA 547
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IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS IN BANANA 549
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IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS IN BANANA 551
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IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS IN BANANA 553
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3.3. Observations to be Recorded IN
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IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS IN BANANA 557
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IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS IN BANANA 559