Protocols for Micropropagation of Woody Trees and Fruits

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MICROPROPAGATION OF CASHEW shade and provided with drip irrigation. The survival at this stage was 100% without any mortality. 9. Under the greenhouse conditions, the tissue culture derived plants are maintained for 4 to 6 months until they are planted in the field in rainy season. The approximate time required from explanting to planting varied from 40 to 50 weeks. 2.9. Field Planting and Evaluation of Micropropagated Plants Micropropagated plants (40 to 50 weeks old) maintained in greenhouse are finally planted in pits (75 cm 3 ) filled with soil and compost and rock phosphate added to root zone (100 g/pit). If planted during rainy season additional irrigation is not required; otherwise, hose or pot watering is required for initial establishment. The establishment was found to be 100% in the micropropagated plants planted in field (laterite soil) (Figure 1G). In the first year of planting of micropropagated plants, 33% of the plants flowered and in the second year 60% flowered and bearing of fruits was observed in some tissue cultured plants of VRI-1 variety (Figures 1H, I). Flowering and fruiting behavior was normal in micropropagated plants. Root-biomass of micropropagated plants and grafted plants was studied by sectorial method of destructive sampling of one-year-old trees and it was observed that root biomass of micropropagated plants was four times that of grafted plants. The tissue culture plants had predominantly lateral root system while the grafted plant had a strong tap root and poor lateral root system. 3. CONCLUSION Although micropropagation technique is available in cashew, it needs to be scaled up before taking it up on a commercial scale besides working the production cost. Micropropagation may be useful for producing clonal root stock and to multiply the breeders stock at a faster rate. The technique needs to be perfected in shoot explants of mature tree origin in order to have a wider application. Acknowledgments. Authors thank profusely Dr. M.G. Bhat, Director, National Research Centre for Cashew for his keen interest and encouragement. Thanks are also due to Mr. R. Muthuraju for type scripting the manuscript. The authors wish to thank Dr. S. Mohan Jain and his colleagues for their valuable suggestions and help. 4. REFERENCES Ananthakrishnan, G., Ravi Kumar, R., Prem Anand, R., Vengadesan, G. & Ganapathi, A. (1999) Induction of somatic embryogenesis from nucellus-derived callus of Anacardium occidentale L. Sci. Hort. 79, 91–99. Boggetti, B., Jasik, J. & Mantell, S. (1999) In vitro multiplication of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) using shoot node explants of glasshouse raised plants. Plant Cell Rep. 18, 456–461. Cardoza, V. & D’Souza, L. (2000) Direct somatic embryogenesis from immature zygotic embryo of cashew. Phytomorphology 50, 201–204. 321
322 THIMMAPPAIAH ET AL. Cardoza, V. & D’Souza, L. (2002) Induction, development, and germination of somatic embryos from nucellar tissue of cashew, Anacardium occidentale L. Sci. Hort. 93, 367–372. Das, S., Jha, T.B. & Jha, S. (1996) In vitro propagation of cashew nut. Plant Cell Rep. 15, 615–619. D’Silva, I. & D’Souza, L. (1992) In vitro proliferation of Anacardium occidentale L. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 29, 1–6. Gogte, S. & Nadgauda, R. (2000) Induction of somatic embryogenesis in cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. –Plant 36, 41–46. Gogate, S.S. & Nadgauda, R.S. (2003). Induction of direct somatic embryogenesis in immature zygotic embryo of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.). Sci. Hort. 97, 75–82. Hegde, M., Kulashekaran, M., Shanmughavelu, K.G. & Jayashankar, S. (1994). In vitro embryogenesis in cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.). Ind. Cashew J. 21, 17–25. Jha, T.B. (1988) In vitro morphogenesis in cashew nut, Anacardium occidentale L. Ind. J. Exp. Biol. 26, 505–507. Lievens, C., Pylyser, M. & Boxus, P.H. (1989). First results about micropropagation of Anacardium occidentale by tissue culture. Fruits 44, 553–557. Mantell, S.H., Boggetti, B., Bessa, A.M.S., Lemos, E.P., Abdelhadi, A. & Mneney, E.E., (1997) Micropropagation and micrografting methods suitable for international transfers of cashew. In Proceedings of the international Cashew and Coconut Conference, Dar es Salam, Tanzania, February 17–21, p. 24. Mneney, E.E. & Mantell, S.H. (2002) Clonal propagation of cashew by tissue culture. J. Hort. Sci. Biotechnol. 77, 649–657. Murashige, T. & Skoog, F. (1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497. Philip, V.J. (1984) In vitro organogenesis and plantlet formation in cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.). Ann. Bot. 54, 149–152. Raj Bhansali, R. (1990) Somatic embryogenesis and regeneration of plantlets in pomegranate. Ann. Bot. 66, 249–253. Ramanayake, S.M.S.D. & Kovoor, A. (1999) In vitro micrografting of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L). J. Hort. Sci. Biotechnol. 74, 265–268. Shirly, R.A. & Thimmappaiah. (2005) Somatic embryogenesis in nucellar callus of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) J. Hort. Sci. Biotech. 80, 327–331. Swamy, K.R.M. & Nayak, M.G. (2003) Soft wood grafting and nursery management in cashew. Tech. Bull. 6, National Research Centre for cashew, Puttur, India, 23 p. Sy, M.O., Martinelli, L. & Scienza, A. (1991) In vitro organogenesis and regeneration in cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) Acta Hort. 289, 267–268. Thimmappaiah & Shirly, R.S. (1999) In vitro regeneration of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) Ind. J. Exp. Biol. 37, 384–390. Thimmappaiah, Shirly, R.A. & Sadhana, P.H. (2002a) In vitro propagation of cashew from young trees. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.-Plant 38, 152–156. Thimmappaiah, Puthra, G.T. & Shirly, R.A. (2002b) In vitro grafting of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L). Sci. Hort. 92, 177–182.
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PROTOCOLS FOR MICROPROPAGATION OF W
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A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this
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vi TABLE OF CONTENTS 14. Root induc
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viii TABLE OF CONTENTS 43. Micropro
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x PREFACE on precise stepwise proto
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CHAPTER 1 TOTIPOTENCY AND THE CELL
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TOTIPOTENCY AND THE CELL CYCLE 5 a
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2.2. Plant Bioregulators and the Ce
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TOTIPOTENCY AND THE CELL CYCLE 9 in
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TOTIPOTENCY AND THE CELL CYCLE 11 F
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Bartel, D. (2004) MicroRNAs: genomi
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CHAPTER 2 MICROPROPAGATION VIA ORGA
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MICROPROPAGATION OF SLASH PINE Tabl
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MICROPROPAGATION OF SLASH PINE Amon
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2.6. Field Testing MICROPROPAGATION
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CHAPTER 3 MICROPROPAGATION OF COAST
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MICROPROPAGATION OF SEQUOIA SEMPERV
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CHAPTER 4 MICROPROPAGATION OF PINUS
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MICROPROPAGATION OF PINUS PINEA L.
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42 2.1. Organ Culture K. ISHII ET A
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44 K. ISHII ET AL. scent light, 70
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46 Chemicals (mg/l) K. ISHII ET AL.
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48 Table 3. Effects of plant growth
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50 K. ISHII ET AL. Gupta, P.K. & Du
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52 C. HARGREAVES AND M. MENZIES (Me
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54 C. HARGREAVES AND M. MENZIES Con
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56 2.1.3. Organogenesis from Field-
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58 C. HARGREAVES AND M. MENZIES Fig
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60 C. HARGREAVES AND M. MENZIES Fig
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62 C. HARGREAVES AND M. MENZIES For
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64 C. HARGREAVES AND M. MENZIES and
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CHAPTER 7 GENETIC FIDELITY ANALYSES
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PLANT GENETIC FIDELITY 69 Plant mat
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e added to samples, as this fluoroc
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11. Determine the mean channel numb
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3. In addition to testing various b
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GeneScan internal size standards: 4
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3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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PLANT GENETIC FIDELITY 81 microprop
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PLANT GENETIC FIDELITY 83 Steinkell
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86 2.1. Explant Preparation M.G. OS
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88 WPM (Lloyd & McCown, 1980) Macro
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90 M.G. OSTROLUCKÁ ET AL. on the m
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CHAPTER 9 MICROPROPAGATION OF MEDIT
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2.1. Explant Preparation MICROPROPA
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MICROPROPAGATION OF MEDITERRANEAN C
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108 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Larue (1953) a
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110 D.T. NHUT ET AL. HgCl2 added wi
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112 2.4. Establishment of Shoot Cul
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114 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Table 5. Effec
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116 D.T. NHUT ET AL. culture to be
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118 D. EWALD ability of the plant m
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120 D. EWALD Figure 1. Yew micropro
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122 D. EWALD Root development. Afte
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CHAPTER 12 MICROPROPAGATION OF LARI
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MICROPROPAGATION OF LARIX SPECIES V
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CHAPTER 13 PROPAGATION OF SELECTED
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PROPAGATION OF SELECTED PINUS GENOT
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CHAPTER 14 ROOT INDUCTION OF PINUS
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ROOT INDUCTION OF PINUS SYLVESTRIS
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ROOT INDUCTION OF PINUS SYLVESTRIS
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CHAPTER 15 MICROPROPAGATION OF BETU
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MICROPROPAGATION OF BETULA PENDULA
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CHAPTER 16 PROTOCOL FOR DOUBLED-HAP
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DOUBLED-HAPLOID MICROPROPAGATION IN
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CHAPTER 17 IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF
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IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF FRAXINUS SP
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Axillary shoots (number) IN VITRO P
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CHAPTER 18 MICROPROPAGATION OF BLAC
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MICROPROPAGATION OF BLACK LOCUST 19
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2.5. Rooting and Acclimatization MI
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MICROPROPAGATION OF BLACK LOCUST 19
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202 V. RAJESWARI AND K. PALIWAL tha
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204 V. RAJESWARI AND K. PALIWAL Mak
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206 V. RAJESWARI AND K. PALIWAL 2.3
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208 V. RAJESWARI AND K. PALIWAL Fig
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210 2.8. Hardening V. RAJESWARI AND
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CHAPTER 20 MICROPROPAGATION OF SALI
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MICROPROPAGATION OF SALIX CAPREA L.
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CHAPTER 21 MICROPROPAGATION OF CEDR
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2.1. Establishment of Shoot Culture
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CEDRELA FISSILI
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238 programmes is somatic embryogen
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240 Figure 2. A) Induction of organ
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242 2.4.1. Rooting of Apical and Ba
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244 of donor individuals and/or by
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246 J. MALÀ ET AL. Karnosky, D.F.,
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CHAPTER 23 MICROGRAFTING IN GRAPEVI
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MICROGRAFTING IN GRAPEVINE 251 and
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MICROGRAFTING IN GRAPEVINE 253 Tabl
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2.4. Culture Conditions MICROGRAFTI
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MICROGRAFTING IN GRAPEVINE 257 Feuc
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CHAPTER 24 MICROGRAFTING GRAPEVINE
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MICROGRAFTING GRAPEVINE FOR VIRUS I
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CHAPTER 25 APRICOT MICROPROPAGATION
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APRICOT MICROPROPAGATION Figure 1.
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Page 322 and 323: CHAPTER 30 IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS AND
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374 L. TIAN AND S.I. SIBBALD younge
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376 L. TIAN AND S.I. SIBBALD Table
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378 L. TIAN AND S.I. SIBBALD 2.4. R
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CHAPTER 35 MICROPROPAGATION OF JUGL
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MICROPROPAGATION OF JUGLANS REGIA L
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CHAPTER 36 TISSUE CULTURE PROPAGATI
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PROPAGATION OF MONGOLIAN CHERRY AND
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410 M. PASQUAL AND E.A. FERREIRA 2.
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414 M. PASQUAL AND E.A. FERREIRA ch
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418 D.T. NHUT ET AL. its economical
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420 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Table 1. Shoot
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422 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Figure 3. Orga
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424 D.T. NHUT ET AL. mg l -1 NAA +
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426 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Nakasone, H.Y.
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428 C. LIU ET AL. C. cujete L. is c
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430 C. LIU ET AL. Table 1. Composit
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432 C. LIU ET AL. 6. Excise the sho
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434 Fresh weight per plantlet (mg)
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436 C. LIU ET AL. 4. REFERENCES Aga
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438 M. MISHRA ET AL. micropropagati
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440 M. MISHRA ET AL. each plate ino
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Section C
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446 M.G. OSTROLUCKÁ ET AL. from me
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448 M.G. OSTROLUCKÁ ET AL. regener
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450 M.G. OSTROLUCKÁ ET AL. Figure
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452 M.G. OSTROLUCKÁ ET AL. 2.6.3.
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454 counts counts M.G. OSTROLUCKÁ
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CHAPTER 42 PROTOCOL FOR MICROPROPAG
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AN medium (Anderson, 1980) MICROPRO
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MICROPROPAGATION OF VACCINIUM VITIS
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2.6. Flow Cytometry Analysis MICROP
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CHAPTER 43 MICROPROPAGATION OF BAMB
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BAMBOO MICROPROGATION BY AXILLARY S
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CHAPTER 44 IN VITRO CULTURE OF TREE
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IN VITRO CULTURE OF TREE PEONY 479
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500 M. MHATRE from various natural
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502 2.2. Disinfection of Plant Mate
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504 M. MHATRE soil in polythene bag
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506 M. MHATRE Figure 2. Pineapple,
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508 M. MHATRE Escalona, M., Lorenzo
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510 J.M. AL-KHAYRI Tunisia, Morocco
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512 J.M. AL-KHAYRI 2.1.2. Separatio
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514 2.2. Culture Medium J.M. AL-KHA
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516 J.M. AL-KHAYRI 5. Isolate callu
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518 J.M. AL-KHAYRI 3. Water the tra
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520 J.M. AL-KHAYRI expressed from c
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522 J.M. AL-KHAYRI alcohol and twic
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524 J.M. AL-KHAYRI potential. Simil
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526 J.M. AL-KHAYRI Barreveld, W.H.
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528 D.T. NHUT ET AL. arsenide chip
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530 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Figure 2. Plan
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532 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Figure 4. Plan
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534 D.T. NHUT ET AL. plantlets. The
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536 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Figure 11. Fre
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538 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Figure 13. Sub
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540 D.T. NHUT ET AL. The response o
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CHAPTER 48 IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS IN
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IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS IN BANANA 545
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3.3. Observations to be Recorded IN
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