Protocols for Micropropagation of Woody Trees and Fruits

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MICROPROPAGATION OF PINUS PINEA L. Oliveira, P., Barriga, J., Cavaleiro, C., Peixe, A. & Potes, A. (2003) Sustained in vitro root development obtained in Pinus pinea L. inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungi. Forestry 76, 579–587. Sul, I.-W. & Korban, S. (2004) Effects of salt formulations, carbon sources, cytokinins, and auxins on shoot organogenesis from cotyledons of Pinus pinea L. Plant Growth Reg. 43, 197–205. Valdés, A.E., Ordás, R.J., Fernández, B. & Centeno, M.L. (2001) Relationships between hormonal contents and the organogenic response in Pinus pinea cotyledons. Plant Physiol. Bioch. 39, 377–384. 39
CHAPTER 5 MICROPROPAGATION OF PINUS ARMANDII VAR. AMAMIANA K. ISHII, Y. HOSOI AND E. MARUYAMA Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, P. O. Box 16, Tsukuba Norinkenkyudanchi-nai, Ibaraki-ken, Japan 305-8687 1. INTRODUCTION In the survey conducted by the Environmental Agency on endangered species in Japan in the year 2000, 1665 species were listed as endangered one among 7087 vascular plants (Environmental Agency of Japan 2000). Collection for ornamental use, natural succession, and deforestation are the three major causes for threatening the species. To recover the endangered species, propagation of such plants for ex situ or in situ conservation is important. Among them, micropropagation by tissue culture is considered effective and useful method. There were several reports on micropropagation of endangered trees (Okochi et al., 2003; Sugii & Lamoureux, 2004). Here we describe protocols for micropropagation of an endangered five needle pine, Pinus armandii Franch. var. amamiana (Koidz.) Hatusima for preserving it ex situ, and supply plants for rehabilitation. Pinus armandii var. amamiana is an endangered tree inhabiting only in the south western islands of Japan, Yakushima and Tanegashima (Yahara et al., 1987). Recent survey showed that there are only about 2000 trees remaining in the both islands. Pine wilt disease by nematodes is suggested as one of the causes of the decline of this species (Akiba & Nakamura, 2005). Because of its decreasing number in recent years in the field populations, it was claimed as IB(EN) in the new Japanese Red List (Environmental Agency of Japan 2000) which denotes a high possibility of extinction in the near future. Five needle pine group which include this species are widely used as timber resources and ornamental bonsai trees in the world. 41 S.M. Jain and H. Häggman (eds.), Protocols for Micropropagation of Woody Trees and Fruits, 41–50. © 2007 Springer.
Page 2 and 3: PROTOCOLS FOR MICROPROPAGATION OF W
Page 4 and 5: A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this
Page 6 and 7: vi TABLE OF CONTENTS 14. Root induc
Page 8 and 9: viii TABLE OF CONTENTS 43. Micropro
Page 10 and 11: x PREFACE on precise stepwise proto
Page 12 and 13: CHAPTER 1 TOTIPOTENCY AND THE CELL
Page 14 and 15: TOTIPOTENCY AND THE CELL CYCLE 5 a
Page 16 and 17: 2.2. Plant Bioregulators and the Ce
Page 18 and 19: TOTIPOTENCY AND THE CELL CYCLE 9 in
Page 20 and 21: TOTIPOTENCY AND THE CELL CYCLE 11 F
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Page 24 and 25: CHAPTER 2 MICROPROPAGATION VIA ORGA
Page 26 and 27: MICROPROPAGATION OF SLASH PINE Tabl
Page 28 and 29: MICROPROPAGATION OF SLASH PINE Amon
Page 30 and 31: 2.6. Field Testing MICROPROPAGATION
Page 32 and 33: CHAPTER 3 MICROPROPAGATION OF COAST
Page 34 and 35: MICROPROPAGATION OF SEQUOIA SEMPERV
Page 42 and 43: CHAPTER 4 MICROPROPAGATION OF PINUS
Page 44 and 45: MICROPROPAGATION OF PINUS PINEA L.
Page 46 and 47: MICROPROPAGATION OF PINUS PINEA L.
Page 50 and 51: 42 2.1. Organ Culture K. ISHII ET A
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Page 54 and 55: 46 Chemicals (mg/l) K. ISHII ET AL.
Page 56 and 57: 48 Table 3. Effects of plant growth
Page 58 and 59: 50 K. ISHII ET AL. Gupta, P.K. & Du
Page 60 and 61: 52 C. HARGREAVES AND M. MENZIES (Me
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Page 64 and 65: 56 2.1.3. Organogenesis from Field-
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Page 74 and 75: CHAPTER 7 GENETIC FIDELITY ANALYSES
Page 76 and 77: PLANT GENETIC FIDELITY 69 Plant mat
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Page 88 and 89: PLANT GENETIC FIDELITY 81 microprop
Page 90 and 91: PLANT GENETIC FIDELITY 83 Steinkell
Page 92 and 93: 86 2.1. Explant Preparation M.G. OS
Page 94 and 95: 88 WPM (Lloyd & McCown, 1980) Macro
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CHAPTER 9 MICROPROPAGATION OF MEDIT
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2.1. Explant Preparation MICROPROPA
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MICROPROPAGATION OF MEDITERRANEAN C
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108 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Larue (1953) a
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110 D.T. NHUT ET AL. HgCl2 added wi
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112 2.4. Establishment of Shoot Cul
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114 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Table 5. Effec
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116 D.T. NHUT ET AL. culture to be
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118 D. EWALD ability of the plant m
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120 D. EWALD Figure 1. Yew micropro
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122 D. EWALD Root development. Afte
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CHAPTER 12 MICROPROPAGATION OF LARI
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MICROPROPAGATION OF LARIX SPECIES V
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CHAPTER 13 PROPAGATION OF SELECTED
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PROPAGATION OF SELECTED PINUS GENOT
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CHAPTER 14 ROOT INDUCTION OF PINUS
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ROOT INDUCTION OF PINUS SYLVESTRIS
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ROOT INDUCTION OF PINUS SYLVESTRIS
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CHAPTER 15 MICROPROPAGATION OF BETU
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MICROPROPAGATION OF BETULA PENDULA
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CHAPTER 16 PROTOCOL FOR DOUBLED-HAP
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DOUBLED-HAPLOID MICROPROPAGATION IN
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CHAPTER 17 IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF
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IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF FRAXINUS SP
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Axillary shoots (number) IN VITRO P
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CHAPTER 18 MICROPROPAGATION OF BLAC
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MICROPROPAGATION OF BLACK LOCUST 19
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2.5. Rooting and Acclimatization MI
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MICROPROPAGATION OF BLACK LOCUST 19
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202 V. RAJESWARI AND K. PALIWAL tha
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204 V. RAJESWARI AND K. PALIWAL Mak
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206 V. RAJESWARI AND K. PALIWAL 2.3
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208 V. RAJESWARI AND K. PALIWAL Fig
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210 2.8. Hardening V. RAJESWARI AND
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CHAPTER 20 MICROPROPAGATION OF SALI
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MICROPROPAGATION OF SALIX CAPREA L.
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CHAPTER 21 MICROPROPAGATION OF CEDR
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2.1. Establishment of Shoot Culture
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CEDRELA FISSILI
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238 programmes is somatic embryogen
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240 Figure 2. A) Induction of organ
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242 2.4.1. Rooting of Apical and Ba
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244 of donor individuals and/or by
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246 J. MALÀ ET AL. Karnosky, D.F.,
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CHAPTER 23 MICROGRAFTING IN GRAPEVI
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MICROGRAFTING IN GRAPEVINE 251 and
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MICROGRAFTING IN GRAPEVINE 253 Tabl
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2.4. Culture Conditions MICROGRAFTI
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MICROGRAFTING IN GRAPEVINE 257 Feuc
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CHAPTER 24 MICROGRAFTING GRAPEVINE
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MICROGRAFTING GRAPEVINE FOR VIRUS I
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CHAPTER 25 APRICOT MICROPROPAGATION
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APRICOT MICROPROPAGATION Figure 1.
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APRICOT MICROPROPAGATION Figure 2.
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APRICOT MICROPROPAGATION 2.2.2. Hyp
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2.4. Acclimatization APRICOT MICROP
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APRICOT MICROPROPAGATION occurs fre
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CHAPTER 26 IN VITRO CONSERVATION AN
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IN VITRO CONSERVATION AND MICROPROP
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CHAPTER 27 MICROGRAFTING OF PISTACH
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MICROGRAFTING OF PISTACHIO Constitu
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MICROGRAFTING OF PISTACHIO 2.2.2. C
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MICROGRAFTING OF PISTACHIO 6. Incub
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MICROGRAFTING OF PISTACHIO 9. The r
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CHAPTER 28 PROTOCOL FOR MICROPROPAG
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CASTANEA SATIVA
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CHAPTER 29 MICROPROPAGATION OF CASH
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CASHEW 2.2.1. E
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CASHEW axillary
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CASHEW Table 1.
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CASHEW shade an
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CHAPTER 30 IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS AND
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IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS AND MUTANT MUL
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336 R.I. IYER compounds (Iyer et al
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A 338 2.2. Culture Medium R.I. IYER
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340 R.I. IYER Figure 2. Formation o
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342 R.I. IYER Figure 3. Formation o
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344 R.I. IYER Rao, Y.S., Mathew, K.
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346 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA marg
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348 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA (iv)
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350 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA 2.4.
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352 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA Figu
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354 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA tree
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356 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA Figu
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358 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA Drew
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CHAPTER 33 MICROPROPAGATION PROTOCO
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MICROPROPAGATION FOR MICROSPORE EMB
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374 L. TIAN AND S.I. SIBBALD younge
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376 L. TIAN AND S.I. SIBBALD Table
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378 L. TIAN AND S.I. SIBBALD 2.4. R
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CHAPTER 35 MICROPROPAGATION OF JUGL
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MICROPROPAGATION OF JUGLANS REGIA L
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CHAPTER 36 TISSUE CULTURE PROPAGATI
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PROPAGATION OF MONGOLIAN CHERRY AND
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410 M. PASQUAL AND E.A. FERREIRA 2.
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414 M. PASQUAL AND E.A. FERREIRA ch
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418 D.T. NHUT ET AL. its economical
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420 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Table 1. Shoot
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422 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Figure 3. Orga
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424 D.T. NHUT ET AL. mg l -1 NAA +
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426 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Nakasone, H.Y.
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428 C. LIU ET AL. C. cujete L. is c
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430 C. LIU ET AL. Table 1. Composit
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432 C. LIU ET AL. 6. Excise the sho
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434 Fresh weight per plantlet (mg)
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436 C. LIU ET AL. 4. REFERENCES Aga
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438 M. MISHRA ET AL. micropropagati
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440 M. MISHRA ET AL. each plate ino
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Section C
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446 M.G. OSTROLUCKÁ ET AL. from me
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448 M.G. OSTROLUCKÁ ET AL. regener
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450 M.G. OSTROLUCKÁ ET AL. Figure
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452 M.G. OSTROLUCKÁ ET AL. 2.6.3.
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454 counts counts M.G. OSTROLUCKÁ
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CHAPTER 42 PROTOCOL FOR MICROPROPAG
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AN medium (Anderson, 1980) MICROPRO
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MICROPROPAGATION OF VACCINIUM VITIS
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2.6. Flow Cytometry Analysis MICROP
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CHAPTER 43 MICROPROPAGATION OF BAMB
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BAMBOO MICROPROGATION BY AXILLARY S
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CHAPTER 44 IN VITRO CULTURE OF TREE
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IN VITRO CULTURE OF TREE PEONY 479
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500 M. MHATRE from various natural
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502 2.2. Disinfection of Plant Mate
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504 M. MHATRE soil in polythene bag
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506 M. MHATRE Figure 2. Pineapple,
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508 M. MHATRE Escalona, M., Lorenzo
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510 J.M. AL-KHAYRI Tunisia, Morocco
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512 J.M. AL-KHAYRI 2.1.2. Separatio
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514 2.2. Culture Medium J.M. AL-KHA
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516 J.M. AL-KHAYRI 5. Isolate callu
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518 J.M. AL-KHAYRI 3. Water the tra
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520 J.M. AL-KHAYRI expressed from c
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522 J.M. AL-KHAYRI alcohol and twic
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524 J.M. AL-KHAYRI potential. Simil
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526 J.M. AL-KHAYRI Barreveld, W.H.
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528 D.T. NHUT ET AL. arsenide chip
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530 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Figure 2. Plan
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532 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Figure 4. Plan
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534 D.T. NHUT ET AL. plantlets. The
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536 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Figure 11. Fre
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538 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Figure 13. Sub
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540 D.T. NHUT ET AL. The response o
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CHAPTER 48 IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS IN
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IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS IN BANANA 545
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3.3. Observations to be Recorded IN
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