Protocols for Micropropagation of Woody Trees and Fruits

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426 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Nakasone, H.Y. & Paull, R.E. (1998) Tropical fruit. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. Oliveira, J.C. (1987). Melhoramento genético. In: Ruggiero, C. (Ed.) Cultura Do Maracujazeiro. Legis Suma. Ribeirão Preto. Otahola, V. (2000) Plant regeneration of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) through leaf discs in vitro culture. Bioagro. 12, 71–74. Otoni, W.C., Casali, V.W.D. & Cecon, P.R. (1995) Regeneraёção de plantas de maracujazeiro (Passiflora coccinea Aubl.) a partir de protoplatos derivados de mesofilo. Revista Ceres. Viçosa. 42, 461–468. Reis, L.B., Neto, V.B.P., Picoli, E.A.T., Costa, M.G.C., Rêgo, M.M., Carvalho, C.R., Finger, F.L. & Otoni, W.C. (2003) Axillary bud development of passion fruit as affected by ethylene precursor and inhibitors. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.-Plant. 39, 618–622. Trevisan, F. & Mendes, B.M.J. (2005) Optimization of in vitro organogenesis in passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa). Sci. Agri. 62, 346–350. Yamashiro, T. (1991) In São José, A.R., Feirrera, F.R. & Var, R.L. (Eds) A cultura do maracujá no Brazil, Funep, Jaboticabal pp. 169–174.
CHAPTER 39 MICROPROPAGATION OF CALABASH TREE CRESCENTIA CUJETE L. 1,5 1,5 2 3 , R. ROMERO , S.J. MURCH AND P.K. SAXENA 4 C.Z. LIU , S.S. HE 1 National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, P.R. China; 2 Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Apdo. Postal 22-3100, Santo Domingo, Heredia, Costa Rica; 3 Chemistry, I.K. Barber School of Arts & Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, B.C., Canada, V1V 1V7; 4 Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1; 5 Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China. E-mail: czliu@home.ipe.ac.cn 1. INTRODUCTION The Calabash tree, Crescentia cujete L., belongs to the Bignoniaceae, a large and primarily tropical family with few genera in temperate regions (Elias & Prance, 1978). As shown in Figure 1, it is a small tree up to 10 m high, with spreading branches and a broad head. It has a rough bark, simple leaves and cauliflorous flowers that appear directly from nodes on the trunk and branches. The flowers are 1–3 cm long with yellowish corolla, which have red or purple veins. It produces large green spherical or elliptical fruits up to 13 to 20 cm in diameter with small flat seeds embedded in the pulp. The plant is pollinated by bats (Bestmann et al., 1997). This evergreen tree is used throughout the world as a source of medicines. It is used as an aperient, diuretic and febrifuge, to clean wounds, and for the treatment of headaches (Binutu, 1997; Romero, 2001). Extracts of the plant have been found to be active against Gram positive bacteria, but not notably active against Gram negative bacteria and have the neutralizing ability against the haemorrhagic effect of Bothrops atrox venom (Otero et al., 2000). In Vietnam, dried fruit of the Calabash tree are sold by the name ‘Dao Tien’ for use as a laxative and an expectorant (Kaneko et al., 1998). Medicinally active constituents from C. cujete include: furanonaphthoquinones (Heltzel et al., 1993), iridoids, iridoid glucosides (Kaneko et al., 1997), n-alkyl glycosides and p-hydroxybenzoyloxy glucose (Agarwal & Popli, 1992; Kaneko et al., 1998). 427 S.M. Jain and H. Häggman (eds.), Protocols for Micropropagation of Woody Trees and Fruits, 427–436. © 2007 Springer.
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PROTOCOLS FOR MICROPROPAGATION OF W
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A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this
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vi TABLE OF CONTENTS 14. Root induc
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viii TABLE OF CONTENTS 43. Micropro
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x PREFACE on precise stepwise proto
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CHAPTER 1 TOTIPOTENCY AND THE CELL
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TOTIPOTENCY AND THE CELL CYCLE 5 a
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2.2. Plant Bioregulators and the Ce
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TOTIPOTENCY AND THE CELL CYCLE 9 in
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TOTIPOTENCY AND THE CELL CYCLE 11 F
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Bartel, D. (2004) MicroRNAs: genomi
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CHAPTER 2 MICROPROPAGATION VIA ORGA
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MICROPROPAGATION OF SLASH PINE Tabl
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MICROPROPAGATION OF SLASH PINE Amon
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2.6. Field Testing MICROPROPAGATION
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CHAPTER 3 MICROPROPAGATION OF COAST
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MICROPROPAGATION OF SEQUOIA SEMPERV
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CHAPTER 4 MICROPROPAGATION OF PINUS
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MICROPROPAGATION OF PINUS PINEA L.
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42 2.1. Organ Culture K. ISHII ET A
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44 K. ISHII ET AL. scent light, 70
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46 Chemicals (mg/l) K. ISHII ET AL.
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48 Table 3. Effects of plant growth
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50 K. ISHII ET AL. Gupta, P.K. & Du
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52 C. HARGREAVES AND M. MENZIES (Me
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54 C. HARGREAVES AND M. MENZIES Con
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56 2.1.3. Organogenesis from Field-
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58 C. HARGREAVES AND M. MENZIES Fig
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60 C. HARGREAVES AND M. MENZIES Fig
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62 C. HARGREAVES AND M. MENZIES For
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64 C. HARGREAVES AND M. MENZIES and
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CHAPTER 7 GENETIC FIDELITY ANALYSES
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PLANT GENETIC FIDELITY 69 Plant mat
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e added to samples, as this fluoroc
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11. Determine the mean channel numb
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3. In addition to testing various b
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GeneScan internal size standards: 4
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3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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PLANT GENETIC FIDELITY 81 microprop
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PLANT GENETIC FIDELITY 83 Steinkell
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86 2.1. Explant Preparation M.G. OS
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88 WPM (Lloyd & McCown, 1980) Macro
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90 M.G. OSTROLUCKÁ ET AL. on the m
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CHAPTER 9 MICROPROPAGATION OF MEDIT
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2.1. Explant Preparation MICROPROPA
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MICROPROPAGATION OF MEDITERRANEAN C
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108 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Larue (1953) a
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110 D.T. NHUT ET AL. HgCl2 added wi
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112 2.4. Establishment of Shoot Cul
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114 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Table 5. Effec
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116 D.T. NHUT ET AL. culture to be
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118 D. EWALD ability of the plant m
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120 D. EWALD Figure 1. Yew micropro
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122 D. EWALD Root development. Afte
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CHAPTER 12 MICROPROPAGATION OF LARI
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MICROPROPAGATION OF LARIX SPECIES V
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CHAPTER 13 PROPAGATION OF SELECTED
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PROPAGATION OF SELECTED PINUS GENOT
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CHAPTER 14 ROOT INDUCTION OF PINUS
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ROOT INDUCTION OF PINUS SYLVESTRIS
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ROOT INDUCTION OF PINUS SYLVESTRIS
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CHAPTER 15 MICROPROPAGATION OF BETU
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MICROPROPAGATION OF BETULA PENDULA
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CHAPTER 16 PROTOCOL FOR DOUBLED-HAP
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DOUBLED-HAPLOID MICROPROPAGATION IN
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CHAPTER 17 IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF
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IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF FRAXINUS SP
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Axillary shoots (number) IN VITRO P
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CHAPTER 18 MICROPROPAGATION OF BLAC
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MICROPROPAGATION OF BLACK LOCUST 19
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2.5. Rooting and Acclimatization MI
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MICROPROPAGATION OF BLACK LOCUST 19
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202 V. RAJESWARI AND K. PALIWAL tha
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204 V. RAJESWARI AND K. PALIWAL Mak
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206 V. RAJESWARI AND K. PALIWAL 2.3
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208 V. RAJESWARI AND K. PALIWAL Fig
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210 2.8. Hardening V. RAJESWARI AND
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CHAPTER 20 MICROPROPAGATION OF SALI
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MICROPROPAGATION OF SALIX CAPREA L.
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CHAPTER 21 MICROPROPAGATION OF CEDR
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2.1. Establishment of Shoot Culture
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CEDRELA FISSILI
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238 programmes is somatic embryogen
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240 Figure 2. A) Induction of organ
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242 2.4.1. Rooting of Apical and Ba
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244 of donor individuals and/or by
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246 J. MALÀ ET AL. Karnosky, D.F.,
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CHAPTER 23 MICROGRAFTING IN GRAPEVI
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MICROGRAFTING IN GRAPEVINE 251 and
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MICROGRAFTING IN GRAPEVINE 253 Tabl
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2.4. Culture Conditions MICROGRAFTI
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MICROGRAFTING IN GRAPEVINE 257 Feuc
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CHAPTER 24 MICROGRAFTING GRAPEVINE
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MICROGRAFTING GRAPEVINE FOR VIRUS I
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CHAPTER 25 APRICOT MICROPROPAGATION
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APRICOT MICROPROPAGATION Figure 1.
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APRICOT MICROPROPAGATION Figure 2.
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APRICOT MICROPROPAGATION 2.2.2. Hyp
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2.4. Acclimatization APRICOT MICROP
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APRICOT MICROPROPAGATION occurs fre
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CHAPTER 26 IN VITRO CONSERVATION AN
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IN VITRO CONSERVATION AND MICROPROP
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CHAPTER 27 MICROGRAFTING OF PISTACH
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MICROGRAFTING OF PISTACHIO Constitu
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MICROGRAFTING OF PISTACHIO 2.2.2. C
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MICROGRAFTING OF PISTACHIO 6. Incub
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MICROGRAFTING OF PISTACHIO 9. The r
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CHAPTER 28 PROTOCOL FOR MICROPROPAG
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CASTANEA SATIVA
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CHAPTER 29 MICROPROPAGATION OF CASH
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CASHEW 2.2.1. E
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CASHEW axillary
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CASHEW Table 1.
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CASHEW shade an
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CHAPTER 30 IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS AND
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IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS AND MUTANT MUL
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336 R.I. IYER compounds (Iyer et al
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A 338 2.2. Culture Medium R.I. IYER
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340 R.I. IYER Figure 2. Formation o
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342 R.I. IYER Figure 3. Formation o
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344 R.I. IYER Rao, Y.S., Mathew, K.
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346 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA marg
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348 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA (iv)
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350 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA 2.4.
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352 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA Figu
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354 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA tree
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356 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA Figu
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358 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA Drew
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CHAPTER 33 MICROPROPAGATION PROTOCO
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MICROPROPAGATION FOR MICROSPORE EMB
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IN VITRO CULTURE OF TREE PEONY 479
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500 M. MHATRE from various natural
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502 2.2. Disinfection of Plant Mate
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504 M. MHATRE soil in polythene bag
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506 M. MHATRE Figure 2. Pineapple,
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508 M. MHATRE Escalona, M., Lorenzo
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510 J.M. AL-KHAYRI Tunisia, Morocco
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512 J.M. AL-KHAYRI 2.1.2. Separatio
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514 2.2. Culture Medium J.M. AL-KHA
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516 J.M. AL-KHAYRI 5. Isolate callu
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518 J.M. AL-KHAYRI 3. Water the tra
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520 J.M. AL-KHAYRI expressed from c
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522 J.M. AL-KHAYRI alcohol and twic
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524 J.M. AL-KHAYRI potential. Simil
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526 J.M. AL-KHAYRI Barreveld, W.H.
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528 D.T. NHUT ET AL. arsenide chip
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530 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Figure 2. Plan
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532 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Figure 4. Plan
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534 D.T. NHUT ET AL. plantlets. The
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536 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Figure 11. Fre
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538 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Figure 13. Sub
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540 D.T. NHUT ET AL. The response o
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CHAPTER 48 IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS IN
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IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS IN BANANA 545
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3.3. Observations to be Recorded IN
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