Protocols for Micropropagation of Woody Trees and Fruits

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IN VITRO CULTURE OF TREE PEONY 495 Figure 15. Further development of tree peony in vitro shoots after the acclimatization phase. Growth after 6 (a1 & a2), 8 (b1 & b2), 13 (c1 & c2), 20 (d1) and 33 (e1) months after the transfer under in vivo conditions. Development of new axillary buds after 20 (d2) and 33 months (e2). Appearance of flower buds (f1; after 41 months from the acclimatization) and complete blooming 2 months later (f2).
496 M. BERUTO AND P. CURIR At this stage, new axillary buds arised (Figure 15D1,D2,E1,E2) and during spring they developed into new branches with many new leaves. After dormancy in late fall, plantlets started to bloom; the flower buds reached a complete development and the flower production was true-to-type (Figure 15E1,E2). 3. CONCLUSIONS Although tree peonies are not yet routinely micropropagated, the advances described above could move us closer to that goal. In fact, the applicability of the described micropropagation protocol has been tested for different genotypes, included the dwarf types which are more difficult to in vitro propagate. Using buds with expanded leaves as starting material for micropropagation was the key to successful establishment and a plant propagation ratio between 2 and 5 per cycle was achieved according to the genotype. Plantlets were rooted and successfully acclimatized under in vivo conditions. So far, scanty reports are available about the in vivo performance of the micropropagated tree peony plants. Our protocol provides in vitro shoots able to flower after about 3 years and half from their establishment under in vivo conditions. Taking into consideration that usually a 3 year old or older tree peony plant is capable of blooming the season after planting, our results are approaching to a commercial application. Further investigations will consider how to overcome the difficulties related to multiplication decrease over the number of subcultures and to provide quality assurance systems for the produced in vitro shoots. Acknowledgements. The authors are grateful to Miss. C. Portogallo for her technical assistance. 4. REFERENCES Albers, M.R.J. & Kunneman, B.P.A.M. (1992) Micropropagation of Paeonia. Acta Hort. 314, 85–92. Aoki, N. & Inoue, I. (1992) Studied on production of nursery stock in tree peony. Effects of bud position of scion, binding material, time, cultivar and temperature after grafting on graft-take of grafted tree peony. Bulletin of Faculty of Agriculture, Shimane University 26, 83–89. Barzilay, A., Zemah, H., Kamenetsky, R. & Ran, R. (2002) Annual life cycle and floral development of ‘Sarah Bernhardt’ peony in Israel. HortSci 37, 300–303. Beruto, M., Lanteri, L. & Portogallo, C. (2004) Micropropagation of tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa). Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 79, 249–255. Bouza, L., Jacques, M. & Miginiac, E. (1994a) In vitro propagation of Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.cv. ‘Mme de Vatry’: developmental effect of exogenous hormones during the multiplication phase. Sci. Horticult. 57, 241–251. Bouza, L., Jacques, M. & Miginiac, E. (1994b) Requirements for in vitro rooting of Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.cv. ‘Mme de Vatry’. Sci. Horticult. 58, 223–233. Buchheim, J.A.T. & Meyer, M.M. (1992) Micropropagation of peony (Paeonia spp.). In Bajaj, Y.P.S. (Ed.) Biotecnology in Agriculture and Forestry, Vol. 20, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 269–285. Černá, K., Dedičová, B. & Borbélyová, D. (2001) Micropropagation of Paeonia arborea Donn, Syn. P. suffruticosa Andr. Acta Fytotechnica et Zootech. 4, 51–54. Demoise, C.F. & Partanen, C.R. (1969) Effects of subculturing and physical condition of medium on the nuclear behaviour of a plant tissue culture. Am. J. Bot. 56, 147–152. Gildow, F.E. & Mitchell, J.P. (1977) Initiation, growth, and nuclear characteristics of tissue cultures of Paeonia suffruticosa. Physiol. Plant 58, 790–795.
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PROTOCOLS FOR MICROPROPAGATION OF W
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A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this
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vi TABLE OF CONTENTS 14. Root induc
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viii TABLE OF CONTENTS 43. Micropro
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x PREFACE on precise stepwise proto
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CHAPTER 1 TOTIPOTENCY AND THE CELL
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TOTIPOTENCY AND THE CELL CYCLE 5 a
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2.2. Plant Bioregulators and the Ce
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TOTIPOTENCY AND THE CELL CYCLE 9 in
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TOTIPOTENCY AND THE CELL CYCLE 11 F
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Bartel, D. (2004) MicroRNAs: genomi
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CHAPTER 2 MICROPROPAGATION VIA ORGA
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MICROPROPAGATION OF SLASH PINE Tabl
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MICROPROPAGATION OF SLASH PINE Amon
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2.6. Field Testing MICROPROPAGATION
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CHAPTER 3 MICROPROPAGATION OF COAST
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MICROPROPAGATION OF SEQUOIA SEMPERV
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CHAPTER 4 MICROPROPAGATION OF PINUS
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MICROPROPAGATION OF PINUS PINEA L.
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42 2.1. Organ Culture K. ISHII ET A
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44 K. ISHII ET AL. scent light, 70
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46 Chemicals (mg/l) K. ISHII ET AL.
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48 Table 3. Effects of plant growth
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50 K. ISHII ET AL. Gupta, P.K. & Du
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52 C. HARGREAVES AND M. MENZIES (Me
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54 C. HARGREAVES AND M. MENZIES Con
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56 2.1.3. Organogenesis from Field-
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58 C. HARGREAVES AND M. MENZIES Fig
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60 C. HARGREAVES AND M. MENZIES Fig
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62 C. HARGREAVES AND M. MENZIES For
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64 C. HARGREAVES AND M. MENZIES and
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CHAPTER 7 GENETIC FIDELITY ANALYSES
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PLANT GENETIC FIDELITY 69 Plant mat
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e added to samples, as this fluoroc
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11. Determine the mean channel numb
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3. In addition to testing various b
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GeneScan internal size standards: 4
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3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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PLANT GENETIC FIDELITY 81 microprop
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PLANT GENETIC FIDELITY 83 Steinkell
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86 2.1. Explant Preparation M.G. OS
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88 WPM (Lloyd & McCown, 1980) Macro
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90 M.G. OSTROLUCKÁ ET AL. on the m
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CHAPTER 9 MICROPROPAGATION OF MEDIT
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2.1. Explant Preparation MICROPROPA
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MICROPROPAGATION OF MEDITERRANEAN C
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108 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Larue (1953) a
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110 D.T. NHUT ET AL. HgCl2 added wi
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112 2.4. Establishment of Shoot Cul
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114 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Table 5. Effec
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116 D.T. NHUT ET AL. culture to be
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118 D. EWALD ability of the plant m
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120 D. EWALD Figure 1. Yew micropro
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122 D. EWALD Root development. Afte
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CHAPTER 12 MICROPROPAGATION OF LARI
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MICROPROPAGATION OF LARIX SPECIES V
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CHAPTER 13 PROPAGATION OF SELECTED
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PROPAGATION OF SELECTED PINUS GENOT
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CHAPTER 14 ROOT INDUCTION OF PINUS
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ROOT INDUCTION OF PINUS SYLVESTRIS
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ROOT INDUCTION OF PINUS SYLVESTRIS
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CHAPTER 15 MICROPROPAGATION OF BETU
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MICROPROPAGATION OF BETULA PENDULA
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CHAPTER 16 PROTOCOL FOR DOUBLED-HAP
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DOUBLED-HAPLOID MICROPROPAGATION IN
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CHAPTER 17 IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF
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IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF FRAXINUS SP
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Axillary shoots (number) IN VITRO P
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CHAPTER 18 MICROPROPAGATION OF BLAC
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MICROPROPAGATION OF BLACK LOCUST 19
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2.5. Rooting and Acclimatization MI
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MICROPROPAGATION OF BLACK LOCUST 19
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202 V. RAJESWARI AND K. PALIWAL tha
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204 V. RAJESWARI AND K. PALIWAL Mak
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206 V. RAJESWARI AND K. PALIWAL 2.3
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208 V. RAJESWARI AND K. PALIWAL Fig
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210 2.8. Hardening V. RAJESWARI AND
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CHAPTER 20 MICROPROPAGATION OF SALI
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MICROPROPAGATION OF SALIX CAPREA L.
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CHAPTER 21 MICROPROPAGATION OF CEDR
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2.1. Establishment of Shoot Culture
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CEDRELA FISSILI
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238 programmes is somatic embryogen
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240 Figure 2. A) Induction of organ
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242 2.4.1. Rooting of Apical and Ba
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244 of donor individuals and/or by
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246 J. MALÀ ET AL. Karnosky, D.F.,
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CHAPTER 23 MICROGRAFTING IN GRAPEVI
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MICROGRAFTING IN GRAPEVINE 251 and
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MICROGRAFTING IN GRAPEVINE 253 Tabl
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2.4. Culture Conditions MICROGRAFTI
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MICROGRAFTING IN GRAPEVINE 257 Feuc
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CHAPTER 24 MICROGRAFTING GRAPEVINE
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MICROGRAFTING GRAPEVINE FOR VIRUS I
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CHAPTER 25 APRICOT MICROPROPAGATION
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APRICOT MICROPROPAGATION Figure 1.
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APRICOT MICROPROPAGATION Figure 2.
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APRICOT MICROPROPAGATION 2.2.2. Hyp
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2.4. Acclimatization APRICOT MICROP
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APRICOT MICROPROPAGATION occurs fre
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CHAPTER 26 IN VITRO CONSERVATION AN
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IN VITRO CONSERVATION AND MICROPROP
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CHAPTER 27 MICROGRAFTING OF PISTACH
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MICROGRAFTING OF PISTACHIO Constitu
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MICROGRAFTING OF PISTACHIO 2.2.2. C
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MICROGRAFTING OF PISTACHIO 6. Incub
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MICROGRAFTING OF PISTACHIO 9. The r
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CHAPTER 28 PROTOCOL FOR MICROPROPAG
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CASTANEA SATIVA
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CHAPTER 29 MICROPROPAGATION OF CASH
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CASHEW 2.2.1. E
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CASHEW axillary
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CASHEW Table 1.
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CASHEW shade an
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CHAPTER 30 IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS AND
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IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS AND MUTANT MUL
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336 R.I. IYER compounds (Iyer et al
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A 338 2.2. Culture Medium R.I. IYER
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340 R.I. IYER Figure 2. Formation o
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342 R.I. IYER Figure 3. Formation o
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344 R.I. IYER Rao, Y.S., Mathew, K.
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346 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA marg
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348 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA (iv)
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350 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA 2.4.
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352 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA Figu
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354 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA tree
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356 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA Figu
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358 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA Drew
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CHAPTER 33 MICROPROPAGATION PROTOCO
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MICROPROPAGATION FOR MICROSPORE EMB
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374 L. TIAN AND S.I. SIBBALD younge
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376 L. TIAN AND S.I. SIBBALD Table
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378 L. TIAN AND S.I. SIBBALD 2.4. R
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CHAPTER 35 MICROPROPAGATION OF JUGL
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MICROPROPAGATION OF JUGLANS REGIA L
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CHAPTER 36 TISSUE CULTURE PROPAGATI
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PROPAGATION OF MONGOLIAN CHERRY AND
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410 M. PASQUAL AND E.A. FERREIRA 2.
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414 M. PASQUAL AND E.A. FERREIRA ch
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418 D.T. NHUT ET AL. its economical
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420 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Table 1. Shoot
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422 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Figure 3. Orga
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424 D.T. NHUT ET AL. mg l -1 NAA +
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426 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Nakasone, H.Y.
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428 C. LIU ET AL. C. cujete L. is c
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430 C. LIU ET AL. Table 1. Composit
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432 C. LIU ET AL. 6. Excise the sho
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434 Fresh weight per plantlet (mg)
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436 C. LIU ET AL. 4. REFERENCES Aga
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438 M. MISHRA ET AL. micropropagati
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440 M. MISHRA ET AL. each plate ino
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IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS IN BANANA 547
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3.3. Observations to be Recorded IN
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