Protocols for Micropropagation of Woody Trees and Fruits

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540 D.T. NHUT ET AL. The response of plantlets cultured under different blue to red LED ratio and LED irradiation levels is considered for commercial application. The response depended on the plant species and to clarify the optimum blue to red LED ratio and LED irradiation level for plantlet growth is the most important finding. This work is the key to evaluating in details the demand of the blue to red LED ratio. Results of each specific investigation would indicate the optimal in vitro physiological responses of the in vitro banana plantlets and the responses after acclimatization. From the results and a lot of attractive feature of LEDs, it is reasonable to expect that the total LED irradiation system will be a major light source for a wide range of micropropagation systems in the future with further improvement to be made. 4. REFERENCES Bula, R.J., Morrow, T.W., Tibbitts, T.W., Barta, D.J., Ignatius, R.W. & Martin, T.S. (1991) Lightemitting diodes as a radiation source for plants. HortSci. 26, 203–205. Eels, J.T., Henry, M.M., Summerfelt, P., Wong-Riley, M.T.T., Buchmann, E.V., Kane, M., Whelan, N.T. & Whelan, H.T. (2003) Therapeutic photobiomodulation for methanol-induced retinal toxicity. PNAS 100, 3439–3444. Hoenecke, M.E., Bula, R.J. & Tibbitts, T.W. (1992) Importance of “blue” photon levels for lettuce seedlings grow under red light-emitting diodes. HortSci. 27, 427–430. Lee, C.G. & Palsson, B.O. (1994) High-density algal photobioreactors using light-emitting diodes. Biotech. Bioeng. 44, 1161–1167. Murashige, T. & Skoog, F. (1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497. Nhut, D.T. (2002) In vitro growth and physiological aspects of some horticultural plantlets cultured under red and blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs). PhD Thesis, Kagawa Univ., Japan. Nhut, D.T. (2005) Light-emitting diodes (LEDs): an artificial flexible lighting source for biological studies. 1st Intl. Dev. Med. Eng., Viet Nam, pp. 109–113. Nhut, D.T., Hong, L.T.A., Watanabe, H., Goi, M. & Tanaka, M. (2001) In vitro growth of banana plantlets cultured under red and blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) irradiation source. Acta Hort. 575, 117–124. Nhut, D.T., Takamura, T., Watanabe, H. & Tanaka, M. (2003) Efficiency of a novel culture system by using light-emitting diode (LED) on in vitro and subsequent of micropropagated banana. Acta Hort. 616, 121–128. Nhut, D.T., Thuy, D.T.T., Luan, V.Q., Don, N.T., Khiem, D.V., Tran Thanh Van, K. (2005) Micropropagation of Paphiopedilum delenatii via stem node culture. Viet Nam-Korea Intl. Sym. 2005 Bio-Tech. & Bio-Sys. Eng., Nong Lam Univ., Viet Nam, pp. 184–189. Nhut, D.T., Thuy, D.T.T., Don, N.T., Luan, V.Q., Hai, N.T., Tran Thanh Van, K. & Chinnappa, C.C. (2007) In vitro stem elongation of Paphiopedilum delenatii Guillaumin and shoot regeneration via stem node culture. Prop. Orn. Plants 7 (1), 29–36. Okamoto, K., Yanagi, T., Takita, S., Tanaka, M., Higuchi, T., Ushida, Y. & Watanabe, T. (1996) Development of plant growth apparatus using blue and red LED as artificial light source. Acta Hort. 440, 111–116. Robin, C., Hay, M.J.M. & Newton, P.C.D. (1994a) Effect of light quality (red:far-red ratio) and defoliation treatments applied at a single phytomer on axillary bud outgrowth in Trifolium repens L. Oecol. 100, 236–242. Robin, C., Hay, M.J.M., Newton, P.C.D. & Greer, D.H. (1994b) Effect of light quality (red:far-red ratio) at the apical bud of the main stolon on morphogenesis of Trifolium repens L. Ann. Bot. 72, 119–123. Robinson, J.C. (1996) Banana and plantains. CAB Intl., Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 104–127. Schmidt, M.H., Meyer, G.A., Reichert, K.W., Cheng, J., Krouwer, H.G., Ozker, K. & Whelan, H.T. (2004) Evaluation of photodynamic therapy near functional brain tissue in patients with recurrent brain tumours. J. Neuro-Oncol. 67, 201–207.
LIGHT-EMITTING DIODES AND IN VITRO BANANA CULTURE 541 Tanaka, M., Goi, M. & Higashiura, T. (1988) A novel disposable culture vessel made of fluorocarbon polymer films for micropropagation. Acta Hort. 226, 663–670. Tanaka, M., Hirano, T., Goi, M., Higashiura, T., Sasahara, H. & Murasaki, K. (1991) Practical application of a novel disposable film culture vessel in micropropagation. Acta Hort. 300, 77–84. Tanaka, M., Nhut, D.T., Takamura, T., Watanabe, H. & Okamoto, K. (1998) In vitro growth of strawberry plantlets cultured under superbright red and blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs). XXVth Intl. Hort. Congr., Belgium, pp. 407. Tennessen, D.J., Singsaas, E.L. & Sharkey, T.D. (1994) Light-emitting diodes as a light source for photosynthesis research. Photosyn. Res. 39, 85–92. Tripathy, B.C. & Brown, C.S. (1995) Root-shoot interaction in the greening of wheat seedlings grown under red light. Plant Physiol. 107, 407–411. Whelan, H.T., Buchmannla, E.V., Whelan, N.T., Turnela, S.G., Cevenini, V., Stinson, H., Ignatius, R., Martin, T., Cwiklinski, J., Meyeric, G.A., Hodgson, B., Gouldl, L., Kane, M., Chen, G. & Caviness, J. (2001) NASA light-emitting diode medical applications from deep space to deep sea. In: El-Genk M.S. (Ed.) Space Technology and Applications International Forum 2001, pp. 35–45.
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PROTOCOLS FOR MICROPROPAGATION OF W
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A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this
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vi TABLE OF CONTENTS 14. Root induc
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viii TABLE OF CONTENTS 43. Micropro
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x PREFACE on precise stepwise proto
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CHAPTER 1 TOTIPOTENCY AND THE CELL
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TOTIPOTENCY AND THE CELL CYCLE 5 a
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2.2. Plant Bioregulators and the Ce
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TOTIPOTENCY AND THE CELL CYCLE 9 in
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TOTIPOTENCY AND THE CELL CYCLE 11 F
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Bartel, D. (2004) MicroRNAs: genomi
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CHAPTER 2 MICROPROPAGATION VIA ORGA
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MICROPROPAGATION OF SLASH PINE Tabl
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MICROPROPAGATION OF SLASH PINE Amon
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2.6. Field Testing MICROPROPAGATION
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CHAPTER 3 MICROPROPAGATION OF COAST
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MICROPROPAGATION OF SEQUOIA SEMPERV
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CHAPTER 4 MICROPROPAGATION OF PINUS
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MICROPROPAGATION OF PINUS PINEA L.
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42 2.1. Organ Culture K. ISHII ET A
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44 K. ISHII ET AL. scent light, 70
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46 Chemicals (mg/l) K. ISHII ET AL.
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48 Table 3. Effects of plant growth
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50 K. ISHII ET AL. Gupta, P.K. & Du
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52 C. HARGREAVES AND M. MENZIES (Me
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54 C. HARGREAVES AND M. MENZIES Con
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56 2.1.3. Organogenesis from Field-
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58 C. HARGREAVES AND M. MENZIES Fig
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60 C. HARGREAVES AND M. MENZIES Fig
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62 C. HARGREAVES AND M. MENZIES For
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64 C. HARGREAVES AND M. MENZIES and
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CHAPTER 7 GENETIC FIDELITY ANALYSES
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PLANT GENETIC FIDELITY 69 Plant mat
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e added to samples, as this fluoroc
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11. Determine the mean channel numb
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3. In addition to testing various b
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GeneScan internal size standards: 4
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3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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PLANT GENETIC FIDELITY 81 microprop
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PLANT GENETIC FIDELITY 83 Steinkell
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86 2.1. Explant Preparation M.G. OS
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88 WPM (Lloyd & McCown, 1980) Macro
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90 M.G. OSTROLUCKÁ ET AL. on the m
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CHAPTER 9 MICROPROPAGATION OF MEDIT
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2.1. Explant Preparation MICROPROPA
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MICROPROPAGATION OF MEDITERRANEAN C
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108 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Larue (1953) a
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110 D.T. NHUT ET AL. HgCl2 added wi
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112 2.4. Establishment of Shoot Cul
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114 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Table 5. Effec
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116 D.T. NHUT ET AL. culture to be
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118 D. EWALD ability of the plant m
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120 D. EWALD Figure 1. Yew micropro
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122 D. EWALD Root development. Afte
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CHAPTER 12 MICROPROPAGATION OF LARI
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MICROPROPAGATION OF LARIX SPECIES V
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CHAPTER 13 PROPAGATION OF SELECTED
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PROPAGATION OF SELECTED PINUS GENOT
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CHAPTER 14 ROOT INDUCTION OF PINUS
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ROOT INDUCTION OF PINUS SYLVESTRIS
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ROOT INDUCTION OF PINUS SYLVESTRIS
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CHAPTER 15 MICROPROPAGATION OF BETU
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MICROPROPAGATION OF BETULA PENDULA
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CHAPTER 16 PROTOCOL FOR DOUBLED-HAP
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DOUBLED-HAPLOID MICROPROPAGATION IN
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CHAPTER 17 IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF
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IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF FRAXINUS SP
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Axillary shoots (number) IN VITRO P
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CHAPTER 18 MICROPROPAGATION OF BLAC
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MICROPROPAGATION OF BLACK LOCUST 19
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2.5. Rooting and Acclimatization MI
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MICROPROPAGATION OF BLACK LOCUST 19
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202 V. RAJESWARI AND K. PALIWAL tha
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204 V. RAJESWARI AND K. PALIWAL Mak
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206 V. RAJESWARI AND K. PALIWAL 2.3
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208 V. RAJESWARI AND K. PALIWAL Fig
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210 2.8. Hardening V. RAJESWARI AND
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CHAPTER 20 MICROPROPAGATION OF SALI
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MICROPROPAGATION OF SALIX CAPREA L.
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CHAPTER 21 MICROPROPAGATION OF CEDR
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2.1. Establishment of Shoot Culture
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CEDRELA FISSILI
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238 programmes is somatic embryogen
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240 Figure 2. A) Induction of organ
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242 2.4.1. Rooting of Apical and Ba
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244 of donor individuals and/or by
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246 J. MALÀ ET AL. Karnosky, D.F.,
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CHAPTER 23 MICROGRAFTING IN GRAPEVI
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MICROGRAFTING IN GRAPEVINE 251 and
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MICROGRAFTING IN GRAPEVINE 253 Tabl
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2.4. Culture Conditions MICROGRAFTI
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MICROGRAFTING IN GRAPEVINE 257 Feuc
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CHAPTER 24 MICROGRAFTING GRAPEVINE
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MICROGRAFTING GRAPEVINE FOR VIRUS I
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CHAPTER 25 APRICOT MICROPROPAGATION
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APRICOT MICROPROPAGATION Figure 1.
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APRICOT MICROPROPAGATION Figure 2.
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APRICOT MICROPROPAGATION 2.2.2. Hyp
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2.4. Acclimatization APRICOT MICROP
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APRICOT MICROPROPAGATION occurs fre
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CHAPTER 26 IN VITRO CONSERVATION AN
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IN VITRO CONSERVATION AND MICROPROP
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CHAPTER 27 MICROGRAFTING OF PISTACH
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MICROGRAFTING OF PISTACHIO Constitu
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MICROGRAFTING OF PISTACHIO 2.2.2. C
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MICROGRAFTING OF PISTACHIO 6. Incub
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MICROGRAFTING OF PISTACHIO 9. The r
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CHAPTER 28 PROTOCOL FOR MICROPROPAG
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CASTANEA SATIVA
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CHAPTER 29 MICROPROPAGATION OF CASH
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CASHEW 2.2.1. E
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CASHEW axillary
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CASHEW Table 1.
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CASHEW shade an
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CHAPTER 30 IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS AND
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IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS AND MUTANT MUL
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336 R.I. IYER compounds (Iyer et al
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A 338 2.2. Culture Medium R.I. IYER
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340 R.I. IYER Figure 2. Formation o
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342 R.I. IYER Figure 3. Formation o
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344 R.I. IYER Rao, Y.S., Mathew, K.
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346 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA marg
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348 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA (iv)
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350 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA 2.4.
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352 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA Figu
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354 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA tree
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356 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA Figu
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358 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA Drew
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CHAPTER 33 MICROPROPAGATION PROTOCO
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MICROPROPAGATION FOR MICROSPORE EMB
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374 L. TIAN AND S.I. SIBBALD younge
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376 L. TIAN AND S.I. SIBBALD Table
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378 L. TIAN AND S.I. SIBBALD 2.4. R
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CHAPTER 35 MICROPROPAGATION OF JUGL
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MICROPROPAGATION OF JUGLANS REGIA L
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CHAPTER 36 TISSUE CULTURE PROPAGATI
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PROPAGATION OF MONGOLIAN CHERRY AND
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410 M. PASQUAL AND E.A. FERREIRA 2.
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414 M. PASQUAL AND E.A. FERREIRA ch
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418 D.T. NHUT ET AL. its economical
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420 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Table 1. Shoot
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422 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Figure 3. Orga
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424 D.T. NHUT ET AL. mg l -1 NAA +
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426 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Nakasone, H.Y.
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428 C. LIU ET AL. C. cujete L. is c
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430 C. LIU ET AL. Table 1. Composit
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432 C. LIU ET AL. 6. Excise the sho
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434 Fresh weight per plantlet (mg)
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436 C. LIU ET AL. 4. REFERENCES Aga
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438 M. MISHRA ET AL. micropropagati
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440 M. MISHRA ET AL. each plate ino
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Section C
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446 M.G. OSTROLUCKÁ ET AL. from me
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448 M.G. OSTROLUCKÁ ET AL. regener
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450 M.G. OSTROLUCKÁ ET AL. Figure
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452 M.G. OSTROLUCKÁ ET AL. 2.6.3.
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454 counts counts M.G. OSTROLUCKÁ
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CHAPTER 42 PROTOCOL FOR MICROPROPAG
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AN medium (Anderson, 1980) MICROPRO
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MICROPROPAGATION OF VACCINIUM VITIS
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2.6. Flow Cytometry Analysis MICROP
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CHAPTER 43 MICROPROPAGATION OF BAMB
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BAMBOO MICROPROGATION BY AXILLARY S
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CHAPTER 44 IN VITRO CULTURE OF TREE
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IN VITRO CULTURE OF TREE PEONY 479
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Page 506 and 507: 516 J.M. AL-KHAYRI 5. Isolate callu
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