Protocols for Micropropagation of Woody Trees and Fruits

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436 C. LIU ET AL. 4. REFERENCES Agarwal, K. & Popli, S.P. (1992) The constituents of Crescentia cujete leaves. Fitoterapia. 63, 5–476. Bestmann, H.J., Winkler, L. & Von Helversen, O. (1997) Headspace analysis of volatile flower scent constituents of bat-pollinated plants. Phytochem. 46, 1169–1172. Binutu, O.A. (1997) Phytochemical and antimicrobial studies on Crescentia cujete. Fitoterapia. 68, 184–185. Elias, T.S. & Prance, G.T. (1978) Nectaries on the fruit of Crescentia and other Bignoniaceae. Brittonia 30, 175–181. Etienne, H. & Berthouly, M. (2002) Temporary immersion systems in plant micropropagation. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 69, 215–231. Gamborg, O.L., Miller, R.A. & Ojima, K. (1968) Nutrient requirement of suspension cultures of soybean root cells. Exp. Cell Res. 50, 150–158. Heltzel, C.E., Gunatilaka, A.A.L., Glass, T.E. & Kingston, D.G.I. (1993) Bioactive furanonaphthoquinones: Bioactive compounds with a novel fused ring system from Crescentia cujete. Tetrahedron. 49, 6757– 6762. Kaneko, T., Ohtani, K., Kasai, R., Yomasaki, K. & Duc, N.M. (1997) Iridoids and iridoid glucosides from fruits of Crescentia cujete. Phytochem. 46, 907–910. Kaneko, T., Ohtani, K., Kasai, R., Yamasaki, K. & Duc, N.M. (1998) n-Alkyl glycosides and phydroxybenzoyloxy glucose from fruits of Crescentia cujete. Phytochem. 47, 259–263. León, J. & Poveda, L. (2000) Los nombres comunes de las plantas en Costa Rica. Editorial Guayacán, San José. Murashige, T. & Skoog, F. (1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497. Murch, S.J., Choffe, K.L. & Saxena, P.K. (2001) The unique challenges of plant-based medicines. In: Development of Plant-Based Medicines: Conservation, efficacy and safety. Saxena, P.K. (Ed.) Kluwer Academic Press. pp. 107–118. Otero, R., Nunez, V., Barona, J., Fonnegra, R., Jimenez, S.L., Osorio, R.G., Saldarriaga, M. & Diaz, A. (2000) Snakebites and ethnobotany in the northwest region of Colombia: Part III: Neutralization of the hemorrhagic effect of Bothrops atrox venom. J. Ethnopharmacology 73, 233–241. Romero, R.M. (2001) Development of plants in Central America. In: Saxena, P.K. (Ed.) Development of Plant-Based Medicines: Conservation, Efficacy and Safety. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. pp. 107–118. Saxena, P.K. (2001) Development of Plant-based Medicines: Conservation, Efficacy and Safety. (Ed.) Kluwer Academic Press, AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
CHAPTER 40 MICROPROPAGATION OF PAPAYA (CARICA PAPAYA L.) M. MISHRA, N. SHUKLA AND R. CHANDRA Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehmankhera, P.O. Kakori, Lucknow- 227 107, India; E-mail: m_mishra@lycos.com 1. INTRODUCTION Papaya (Carica papaya L) belongs to family Caricaceae which consists of several genera including Carica, Cylicomorpha, Horovizia, Jacartia, Jarilla and Vasconcella (Van Droogenbroeck et al., 2003). Major papaya producing countries are Brazil, Nigeria, Congo, Indonesia, Malaysia and India. The papaya has become an important fruit having great nutritive and commercial value. It is a fair source of iron and calcium, a good source of vitamins A, B and has high vitamin C (Sampson, 1986). The latex of the papaya plant has commercial use, as it is the source of two proteolytic enzymes, papain and chymopapain. Vegetative propagation of papaya through conventional methods has not been successful. To overcome this limitation, papaya can be propagated through in vitro propagation. Papaya Ring Spot and Papaya Leaf Curl are two major viral diseases that threaten papaya cultivation worldwide. An efficient in vitro regeneration protocol is therefore imperative for papaya improvement (virus resistance) through recombinant DNA technology. Micropropagation of papaya began three decade ago. Papaya is a polygamous fruit crop and both dioceous as well as gynodioceous varieties of papaya are being cultivated. Cloning of female papaya plants through in vitro shoot bud culture is an ideal approach. In vitro regeneration with shoot tip, excised from mature papaya plant, has been attempted (Ali & Hogan, 1976; Litz & Conover, 1978; Rajeevan & Pandey, 1986; Drew, 1988, 1992). However, most of the protocols are genotype dependent and could not be reproduced. Callus culture has also been reported in papaya (Arora & Singh, 1978; Litz et al., 1983). Papaya is recalcitrant to tissue culture. Slow rate of proliferation, poor establishment of axenic cultures and high mortality of plants during acclimatization are some of the main problems of papaya 437 S.M. Jain and H. Häggman (eds.), Protocols for Micropropagation of Woody Trees and Fruits, 437–441. © 2007 Springer.
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PROTOCOLS FOR MICROPROPAGATION OF W
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A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this
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vi TABLE OF CONTENTS 14. Root induc
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viii TABLE OF CONTENTS 43. Micropro
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x PREFACE on precise stepwise proto
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CHAPTER 1 TOTIPOTENCY AND THE CELL
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TOTIPOTENCY AND THE CELL CYCLE 5 a
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2.2. Plant Bioregulators and the Ce
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TOTIPOTENCY AND THE CELL CYCLE 9 in
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TOTIPOTENCY AND THE CELL CYCLE 11 F
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Bartel, D. (2004) MicroRNAs: genomi
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CHAPTER 2 MICROPROPAGATION VIA ORGA
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MICROPROPAGATION OF SLASH PINE Tabl
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MICROPROPAGATION OF SLASH PINE Amon
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2.6. Field Testing MICROPROPAGATION
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CHAPTER 3 MICROPROPAGATION OF COAST
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MICROPROPAGATION OF SEQUOIA SEMPERV
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CHAPTER 4 MICROPROPAGATION OF PINUS
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MICROPROPAGATION OF PINUS PINEA L.
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42 2.1. Organ Culture K. ISHII ET A
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44 K. ISHII ET AL. scent light, 70
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46 Chemicals (mg/l) K. ISHII ET AL.
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48 Table 3. Effects of plant growth
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50 K. ISHII ET AL. Gupta, P.K. & Du
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52 C. HARGREAVES AND M. MENZIES (Me
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54 C. HARGREAVES AND M. MENZIES Con
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56 2.1.3. Organogenesis from Field-
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58 C. HARGREAVES AND M. MENZIES Fig
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60 C. HARGREAVES AND M. MENZIES Fig
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62 C. HARGREAVES AND M. MENZIES For
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64 C. HARGREAVES AND M. MENZIES and
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CHAPTER 7 GENETIC FIDELITY ANALYSES
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PLANT GENETIC FIDELITY 69 Plant mat
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e added to samples, as this fluoroc
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11. Determine the mean channel numb
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3. In addition to testing various b
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GeneScan internal size standards: 4
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3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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PLANT GENETIC FIDELITY 81 microprop
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PLANT GENETIC FIDELITY 83 Steinkell
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86 2.1. Explant Preparation M.G. OS
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88 WPM (Lloyd & McCown, 1980) Macro
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90 M.G. OSTROLUCKÁ ET AL. on the m
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CHAPTER 9 MICROPROPAGATION OF MEDIT
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2.1. Explant Preparation MICROPROPA
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MICROPROPAGATION OF MEDITERRANEAN C
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108 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Larue (1953) a
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110 D.T. NHUT ET AL. HgCl2 added wi
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112 2.4. Establishment of Shoot Cul
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114 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Table 5. Effec
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116 D.T. NHUT ET AL. culture to be
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118 D. EWALD ability of the plant m
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120 D. EWALD Figure 1. Yew micropro
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122 D. EWALD Root development. Afte
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CHAPTER 12 MICROPROPAGATION OF LARI
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MICROPROPAGATION OF LARIX SPECIES V
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CHAPTER 13 PROPAGATION OF SELECTED
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PROPAGATION OF SELECTED PINUS GENOT
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CHAPTER 14 ROOT INDUCTION OF PINUS
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ROOT INDUCTION OF PINUS SYLVESTRIS
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ROOT INDUCTION OF PINUS SYLVESTRIS
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CHAPTER 15 MICROPROPAGATION OF BETU
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MICROPROPAGATION OF BETULA PENDULA
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CHAPTER 16 PROTOCOL FOR DOUBLED-HAP
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DOUBLED-HAPLOID MICROPROPAGATION IN
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CHAPTER 17 IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF
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IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF FRAXINUS SP
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Axillary shoots (number) IN VITRO P
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CHAPTER 18 MICROPROPAGATION OF BLAC
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MICROPROPAGATION OF BLACK LOCUST 19
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2.5. Rooting and Acclimatization MI
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MICROPROPAGATION OF BLACK LOCUST 19
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202 V. RAJESWARI AND K. PALIWAL tha
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204 V. RAJESWARI AND K. PALIWAL Mak
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206 V. RAJESWARI AND K. PALIWAL 2.3
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208 V. RAJESWARI AND K. PALIWAL Fig
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210 2.8. Hardening V. RAJESWARI AND
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CHAPTER 20 MICROPROPAGATION OF SALI
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MICROPROPAGATION OF SALIX CAPREA L.
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CHAPTER 21 MICROPROPAGATION OF CEDR
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2.1. Establishment of Shoot Culture
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CEDRELA FISSILI
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238 programmes is somatic embryogen
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240 Figure 2. A) Induction of organ
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242 2.4.1. Rooting of Apical and Ba
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244 of donor individuals and/or by
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246 J. MALÀ ET AL. Karnosky, D.F.,
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CHAPTER 23 MICROGRAFTING IN GRAPEVI
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MICROGRAFTING IN GRAPEVINE 251 and
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MICROGRAFTING IN GRAPEVINE 253 Tabl
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2.4. Culture Conditions MICROGRAFTI
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MICROGRAFTING IN GRAPEVINE 257 Feuc
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CHAPTER 24 MICROGRAFTING GRAPEVINE
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MICROGRAFTING GRAPEVINE FOR VIRUS I
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CHAPTER 25 APRICOT MICROPROPAGATION
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APRICOT MICROPROPAGATION Figure 1.
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APRICOT MICROPROPAGATION Figure 2.
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APRICOT MICROPROPAGATION 2.2.2. Hyp
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2.4. Acclimatization APRICOT MICROP
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APRICOT MICROPROPAGATION occurs fre
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CHAPTER 26 IN VITRO CONSERVATION AN
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IN VITRO CONSERVATION AND MICROPROP
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CHAPTER 27 MICROGRAFTING OF PISTACH
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MICROGRAFTING OF PISTACHIO Constitu
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MICROGRAFTING OF PISTACHIO 2.2.2. C
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MICROGRAFTING OF PISTACHIO 6. Incub
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MICROGRAFTING OF PISTACHIO 9. The r
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CHAPTER 28 PROTOCOL FOR MICROPROPAG
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CASTANEA SATIVA
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CHAPTER 29 MICROPROPAGATION OF CASH
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CASHEW 2.2.1. E
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CASHEW axillary
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CASHEW Table 1.
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CASHEW shade an
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CHAPTER 30 IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS AND
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IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS AND MUTANT MUL
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336 R.I. IYER compounds (Iyer et al
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A 338 2.2. Culture Medium R.I. IYER
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340 R.I. IYER Figure 2. Formation o
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342 R.I. IYER Figure 3. Formation o
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344 R.I. IYER Rao, Y.S., Mathew, K.
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346 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA marg
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348 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA (iv)
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350 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA 2.4.
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352 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA Figu
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354 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA tree
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356 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA Figu
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358 B.K. BISWAS AND S.C. GUPTA Drew
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CHAPTER 33 MICROPROPAGATION PROTOCO
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MICROPROPAGATION FOR MICROSPORE EMB
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374 L. TIAN AND S.I. SIBBALD younge
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376 L. TIAN AND S.I. SIBBALD Table
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378 L. TIAN AND S.I. SIBBALD 2.4. R
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CHAPTER 35 MICROPROPAGATION OF JUGL
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MICROPROPAGATION OF JUGLANS REGIA L
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IN VITRO CULTURE OF TREE PEONY 489
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500 M. MHATRE from various natural
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502 2.2. Disinfection of Plant Mate
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504 M. MHATRE soil in polythene bag
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506 M. MHATRE Figure 2. Pineapple,
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508 M. MHATRE Escalona, M., Lorenzo
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510 J.M. AL-KHAYRI Tunisia, Morocco
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512 J.M. AL-KHAYRI 2.1.2. Separatio
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514 2.2. Culture Medium J.M. AL-KHA
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516 J.M. AL-KHAYRI 5. Isolate callu
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518 J.M. AL-KHAYRI 3. Water the tra
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520 J.M. AL-KHAYRI expressed from c
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522 J.M. AL-KHAYRI alcohol and twic
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524 J.M. AL-KHAYRI potential. Simil
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526 J.M. AL-KHAYRI Barreveld, W.H.
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528 D.T. NHUT ET AL. arsenide chip
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530 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Figure 2. Plan
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532 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Figure 4. Plan
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534 D.T. NHUT ET AL. plantlets. The
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536 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Figure 11. Fre
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538 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Figure 13. Sub
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540 D.T. NHUT ET AL. The response o
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CHAPTER 48 IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS IN
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IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS IN BANANA 545
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3.3. Observations to be Recorded IN
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