Protocols for Micropropagation of Woody Trees and Fruits

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344 R.I. IYER Rao, Y.S., Mathew, K.M., Kumar, K.P., Salykutty, J., Laxmanan, R., Madhusoodhanan, K.J. & Potty, S.N. (1997) Tissue culture studies on tree spices. In Edison, S., Ramana, K.V., Sasiraman, B., Babu, K.N. & Eapen, S.J. (Eds), Biotechnology of spices, medicinal and aromatic plants, Calicut, India, Proceedings on the national seminar on biotechnology of spices and aromatic plants, 1996 Calicut, India: Indian Society for Spices, pp. 39–44. Singh, G., Marimuthu, P., de Heluani, C.S. & Catalan, C. (2005) Antimicrobial and antioxidant potentials of essential oil and acetone extract of Myristica fragrans Houtt. (aril part). Journal of Food Science 70, M141–148. Van Gils, C. & Cox, P.A. (1994) Ethnobotany of nutmeg in the Spice Islands. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 42, 117–124.
CHAPTER 32 MICROPROPAGATION OF ELITE NEEM TREE (AZADIRACHTA INDICA A. JUSS.) B.K. BISWAS 1 AND S.C. GUPTA 2 1 Biomedical Research, Department of Veterinary Science, 1005 State University Drive, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, Georgia 31030-4313, USA; E-mail: biswasb@fvsu.edu 2 Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi- 110007, INDIA; E-mail: gupta.shrish@gmail.com 1. INTRODUCTION Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) is one of the most beneficial species for the mankind. The importance of neem, as a source of medicines and biopesticides, was known for centuries in India. Recently, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences has recognized its value (Anonymous, 1992). Neem seeds, seed kernels, twigs, stem, root and bark possess insect antifeedant, insecticidal, insect growth inhibitor, nematicidal, fungicidal (Schmutterer et al., 1981; Schmutterer & Ascher, 1984, 1987; Jacobson, 1989; Randhawa & Parmar, 1993), bactericidal (Ara et al., 1989), anti-inflammatory (Fujiwara et al., 1982, 1984; Dhawan & Patnaik, 1993), anti-tumor (Fujiwara et al., 1982, 1984), immunostimulating (Van der Nat et al., 1987, 1991) properties. Many virtues of this tree are attributed to different chemicals it synthesizes in its root to tree-top. Since the early investigations by Qudrat-i-Khuda et al. (1940), more than 100 compounds have been isolated from various parts viz. neem seeds, seed kernels, twigs, leaves and bark (Warthen, 1979; Taylor, 1987; Siddiqui et al., 1988; Jones et al., 1989; Koul et al., 1990; Lee et al., 1991; Champagne et al., 1992; Devakumar & Sukh Dev, 1993). Most of the active principles belong to the group of tetranortriterpenoids. Among them, ‘azadirachtin’ (C35H44O16) is a well-known compound, which was first isolated by Butterworth and Morgan (1968) from neem seeds. This has been found to be the most active compound in neem and is responsible for its medicinal and biopesticidal roles. Among 2,400 plants known to yield insecticidal and insect repellent constituents, neem is the only taxon, which holds out a promise of providing highly effective, nontoxic and eco-friendly means of controlling or eliminating insect pests (Govindachari et al., 1992). About 413 species of insects, 44 of nematodes, almost equal number of fungi, a few bacteria and viruses are susceptible to neem (Singh, 1997). Though the 345 S.M. Jain and H. Häggman (eds.), Protocols for Micropropagation of Woody Trees and Fruits, 345–359. © 2007 Springer.
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PROTOCOLS FOR MICROPROPAGATION OF W
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A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this
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vi TABLE OF CONTENTS 14. Root induc
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viii TABLE OF CONTENTS 43. Micropro
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x PREFACE on precise stepwise proto
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CHAPTER 1 TOTIPOTENCY AND THE CELL
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TOTIPOTENCY AND THE CELL CYCLE 5 a
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2.2. Plant Bioregulators and the Ce
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TOTIPOTENCY AND THE CELL CYCLE 9 in
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TOTIPOTENCY AND THE CELL CYCLE 11 F
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Bartel, D. (2004) MicroRNAs: genomi
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CHAPTER 2 MICROPROPAGATION VIA ORGA
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MICROPROPAGATION OF SLASH PINE Tabl
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MICROPROPAGATION OF SLASH PINE Amon
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2.6. Field Testing MICROPROPAGATION
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CHAPTER 3 MICROPROPAGATION OF COAST
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MICROPROPAGATION OF SEQUOIA SEMPERV
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CHAPTER 4 MICROPROPAGATION OF PINUS
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MICROPROPAGATION OF PINUS PINEA L.
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42 2.1. Organ Culture K. ISHII ET A
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44 K. ISHII ET AL. scent light, 70
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46 Chemicals (mg/l) K. ISHII ET AL.
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48 Table 3. Effects of plant growth
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50 K. ISHII ET AL. Gupta, P.K. & Du
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52 C. HARGREAVES AND M. MENZIES (Me
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54 C. HARGREAVES AND M. MENZIES Con
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56 2.1.3. Organogenesis from Field-
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58 C. HARGREAVES AND M. MENZIES Fig
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60 C. HARGREAVES AND M. MENZIES Fig
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62 C. HARGREAVES AND M. MENZIES For
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64 C. HARGREAVES AND M. MENZIES and
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CHAPTER 7 GENETIC FIDELITY ANALYSES
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PLANT GENETIC FIDELITY 69 Plant mat
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e added to samples, as this fluoroc
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11. Determine the mean channel numb
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3. In addition to testing various b
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GeneScan internal size standards: 4
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3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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PLANT GENETIC FIDELITY 81 microprop
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PLANT GENETIC FIDELITY 83 Steinkell
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86 2.1. Explant Preparation M.G. OS
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88 WPM (Lloyd & McCown, 1980) Macro
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90 M.G. OSTROLUCKÁ ET AL. on the m
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CHAPTER 9 MICROPROPAGATION OF MEDIT
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2.1. Explant Preparation MICROPROPA
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MICROPROPAGATION OF MEDITERRANEAN C
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108 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Larue (1953) a
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110 D.T. NHUT ET AL. HgCl2 added wi
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112 2.4. Establishment of Shoot Cul
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114 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Table 5. Effec
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116 D.T. NHUT ET AL. culture to be
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118 D. EWALD ability of the plant m
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120 D. EWALD Figure 1. Yew micropro
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122 D. EWALD Root development. Afte
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CHAPTER 12 MICROPROPAGATION OF LARI
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MICROPROPAGATION OF LARIX SPECIES V
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CHAPTER 13 PROPAGATION OF SELECTED
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PROPAGATION OF SELECTED PINUS GENOT
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CHAPTER 14 ROOT INDUCTION OF PINUS
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ROOT INDUCTION OF PINUS SYLVESTRIS
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ROOT INDUCTION OF PINUS SYLVESTRIS
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CHAPTER 15 MICROPROPAGATION OF BETU
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MICROPROPAGATION OF BETULA PENDULA
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CHAPTER 16 PROTOCOL FOR DOUBLED-HAP
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DOUBLED-HAPLOID MICROPROPAGATION IN
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CHAPTER 17 IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF
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IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF FRAXINUS SP
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Axillary shoots (number) IN VITRO P
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CHAPTER 18 MICROPROPAGATION OF BLAC
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MICROPROPAGATION OF BLACK LOCUST 19
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2.5. Rooting and Acclimatization MI
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MICROPROPAGATION OF BLACK LOCUST 19
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202 V. RAJESWARI AND K. PALIWAL tha
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204 V. RAJESWARI AND K. PALIWAL Mak
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206 V. RAJESWARI AND K. PALIWAL 2.3
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208 V. RAJESWARI AND K. PALIWAL Fig
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210 2.8. Hardening V. RAJESWARI AND
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CHAPTER 20 MICROPROPAGATION OF SALI
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MICROPROPAGATION OF SALIX CAPREA L.
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CHAPTER 21 MICROPROPAGATION OF CEDR
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2.1. Establishment of Shoot Culture
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MICROPROPAGATION OF CEDRELA FISSILI
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238 programmes is somatic embryogen
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240 Figure 2. A) Induction of organ
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242 2.4.1. Rooting of Apical and Ba
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244 of donor individuals and/or by
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246 J. MALÀ ET AL. Karnosky, D.F.,
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CHAPTER 23 MICROGRAFTING IN GRAPEVI
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MICROGRAFTING IN GRAPEVINE 251 and
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MICROGRAFTING IN GRAPEVINE 253 Tabl
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2.4. Culture Conditions MICROGRAFTI
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MICROGRAFTING IN GRAPEVINE 257 Feuc
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CHAPTER 24 MICROGRAFTING GRAPEVINE
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MICROGRAFTING GRAPEVINE FOR VIRUS I
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CHAPTER 25 APRICOT MICROPROPAGATION
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APRICOT MICROPROPAGATION Figure 1.
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APRICOT MICROPROPAGATION Figure 2.
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APRICOT MICROPROPAGATION 2.2.2. Hyp
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2.4. Acclimatization APRICOT MICROP
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APRICOT MICROPROPAGATION occurs fre
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CHAPTER 26 IN VITRO CONSERVATION AN
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IN VITRO CONSERVATION AND MICROPROP
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CHAPTER 27 MICROGRAFTING OF PISTACH
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MICROGRAFTING OF PISTACHIO Constitu
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PROPAGATION OF MONGOLIAN CHERRY AND
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410 M. PASQUAL AND E.A. FERREIRA 2.
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414 M. PASQUAL AND E.A. FERREIRA ch
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418 D.T. NHUT ET AL. its economical
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420 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Table 1. Shoot
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422 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Figure 3. Orga
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424 D.T. NHUT ET AL. mg l -1 NAA +
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426 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Nakasone, H.Y.
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428 C. LIU ET AL. C. cujete L. is c
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430 C. LIU ET AL. Table 1. Composit
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432 C. LIU ET AL. 6. Excise the sho
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434 Fresh weight per plantlet (mg)
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436 C. LIU ET AL. 4. REFERENCES Aga
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438 M. MISHRA ET AL. micropropagati
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440 M. MISHRA ET AL. each plate ino
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Section C
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446 M.G. OSTROLUCKÁ ET AL. from me
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448 M.G. OSTROLUCKÁ ET AL. regener
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450 M.G. OSTROLUCKÁ ET AL. Figure
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452 M.G. OSTROLUCKÁ ET AL. 2.6.3.
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454 counts counts M.G. OSTROLUCKÁ
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CHAPTER 42 PROTOCOL FOR MICROPROPAG
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AN medium (Anderson, 1980) MICROPRO
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MICROPROPAGATION OF VACCINIUM VITIS
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2.6. Flow Cytometry Analysis MICROP
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CHAPTER 43 MICROPROPAGATION OF BAMB
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BAMBOO MICROPROGATION BY AXILLARY S
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CHAPTER 44 IN VITRO CULTURE OF TREE
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IN VITRO CULTURE OF TREE PEONY 479
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500 M. MHATRE from various natural
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502 2.2. Disinfection of Plant Mate
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504 M. MHATRE soil in polythene bag
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506 M. MHATRE Figure 2. Pineapple,
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508 M. MHATRE Escalona, M., Lorenzo
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510 J.M. AL-KHAYRI Tunisia, Morocco
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512 J.M. AL-KHAYRI 2.1.2. Separatio
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514 2.2. Culture Medium J.M. AL-KHA
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516 J.M. AL-KHAYRI 5. Isolate callu
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518 J.M. AL-KHAYRI 3. Water the tra
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520 J.M. AL-KHAYRI expressed from c
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522 J.M. AL-KHAYRI alcohol and twic
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524 J.M. AL-KHAYRI potential. Simil
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526 J.M. AL-KHAYRI Barreveld, W.H.
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528 D.T. NHUT ET AL. arsenide chip
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530 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Figure 2. Plan
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532 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Figure 4. Plan
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534 D.T. NHUT ET AL. plantlets. The
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536 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Figure 11. Fre
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538 D.T. NHUT ET AL. Figure 13. Sub
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540 D.T. NHUT ET AL. The response o
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CHAPTER 48 IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS IN
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IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS IN BANANA 545
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3.3. Observations to be Recorded IN
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